- •Pathophysiology tasks:
- •General doctrine of disease. Basic concepts of general pathology: norm, health. Definition by who. Disease.
- •Disease.
- •Conception of pathological process, pathological state, pathological reaction. Definition of typical pathological processes.
- •Typical pathological processes are the processes which are developed by similar laws, independently on reasons, localization, animals type and organism individual peculiarities.
- •Disease difference from health
- •3 Points of view:
- •Disease, biological and social factors are actual because human being is first of all social creature
- •4 Levels of diseases prescription:
- •5. Diseases classification principles:
- •8. Collapse. Comparative characteristics with shock. Aethiology and pathogenesis. Role of nervous and humoral mechanisms
- •9. Crash-syndrome -
- •10. Coma -
- •11. Informational aspects of cell injury. Pathology of signalization.
- •13. Programmed cell death (pcd)
- •3 Apoptosis phases:
- •14. Outcomes of apoptosis inhibiting and activation.
- •Classification.
- •4 Main types.
- •Classification.
- •16. The concept of primary and secondary alteration. Molecular mechanisms of cell injury. Lipid mechanisms role in alteration pathogenesis.
- •17. Free radicals and their role in pathological processes development.
- •19. Antioxidant mechanisms of cells. Antioxidant insufficiency.
- •19. Apoptosis and necrosis comparative characteristics.
- •20. Reactivity. Types. Dependence on sex.
- •23. Resistance. Passive and active resistance. Resistance and reactivity relationship.
- •25. Constitution, role in pathology, types classification.
- •26. Diatheses.
- •27. Stress, general adaptation syndrome.
- •28. Stress-inducing and stress-limiting systems. Diseases of adaptation.
- •29. Concept of “local microcirculatory disorders”. Some mechanisms.
- •30. Arterial hyperemia
- •2 Subtypes:
- •31. Venous hyperemia
- •32. Ishemia
- •33. Reperfusion syndrome
- •34. Stasis.
- •Variants:
- •35. Thrombosis and embolism. Thrombosis characteristics.
- •3 Main factors encouraging thrombi formation (Wirhow’s triad):
- •36. Embolism.
- •37. Embolism of pulmonary, systemic and portal circulation.
- •38. Microcirculation disorders typical forms:
- •39. Intravascular circulation disorders: rheological changings and changings of blood flow.
- •41. Microvascular tone disorders.
- •42. Extravascular disorders.
- •43. Concept of inflammation. Aethiology.
- •44. Inflammation stages, main signs and types.
- •Inflammation types (continuation).
- •45. Primary and secondary alteration.
- •46. Mediators and antimediators.
- •47. Circulatory changings during inflammation.
- •48. Fever aethiology. Pyrogens classification.
- •49. Fever stages. Fever reactions types.
- •50. Fever comparative characteristics with exogenous overheating and hyperthermia other forms.
- •50. Edemas. Classification. Oncotic and hydrostatic mechanism.
- •58. Anaemias. Erythrocytes regenerative and degenerative forms. Cells of pathological regeneration.
- •54. Anisocytosis, poikylocytosis, price-jonce’ curve movements on the right and on the left.
- •55. Blood loss.
- •56. Acute and chronic posthaemorrhagic anaemias.
- •57. Hereditary hemolytic anaemias.
- •3 Groups:
- •58. Acquired haemolytic anaemias.
- •59. Dyserythropoietic anaemias.
- •60. Aplastic and hypoplastic anaemias. Metaplastic anaemia. Myelophthysis.
- •2 Groups of factors:
- •2 Main pathogenetic mechanisms:
- •61. Cardiac arrhythmias.
- •62. Concept of arterial hypo- and hypertension.
- •63. Primary arterial hypertension.
- •2 Pathogenetical conceptions:
- •64. Secondary arterial hypertension.
- •65. Cardiac insufficiency.
- •2 Overloads types:
- •66.Heart failure myocardial form.
- •67. Coronary cirulation disorders. Reperfusion syndrome. Calcium paradox. Oxygen paradox.
- •68. Respiratory failure.
- •Probes which allow to determine one or another disorders type:
- •69. External respiratory failure. Dyspnea.
- •70. Hypoxies.
- •71. Appetite disturbance.
- •2 Main mechanisms:
- •72. Caries.
- •73. Periodontitis and parodontosis.
- •74. Hypo- and hypertonic gastric dyskinesias.
- •75. Heartburn, eructation, nausea, vomiting.
- •76. Hepatic failure. Classification. Functional hepatic tests.
- •77. Hepatic failure hepatic-vascular form.
- •78. Liver excretory function disorders. Jaundices. Liver functions
- •Proteinic exchange
- •Carbohydrates metabolism
- •Lipid metabolism
- •Pigment metabolism
- •Jaundices differentiated diagnosis
- •79. Haemolytic jaundice.
- •80. Hepato-cellular or parenchymatous jaundice.
- •81. Hepato-portal hypertension. Ascitis.
- •82. Urine amount qualitative and quantitative changings.
- •Urine relative density (weight) (in morning portion)
- •83. Urine pathological components. Protein
- •Leucocytes:
- •Cylinders
- •84. Proteinuria.
- •85. Renal acid-alkaline balance disorders
- •86. Adrenal glands pathology. Cortex acute and chronic insuffieiency.
- •87. Thyroid hypofunction.
- •88. Hypothyroidism.
- •89. General regularities in occurrence and development cns disorders. Pathological processes classification.
- •90. Pathological excitement and inhibiting in nervous centers.
- •I. Of pathological excitement:
- •II. Of pathological inhibiting:
- •91. Ephaptic effects.
- •92. Pain.
Classification.
Genetic principle (according to the inheritance principle):
Autosome-dominant.
Autsome-recessive.
Y-linked (holandric).
Mitochondrial.
Clinical principle (according to the affected organs system):
Nervous.
Myo-neural.
Skin.
Optic.
Of motor apparatus.
Endocrine.
Blood.
Of cardio-vessel system.
Mental.
Of urosexual system.
Of digestive tract.
Of lungs.
Pathogenetic principle (according to the direction of main pathogenetic link):
Diseases of metabolism.
Congenital development disorders ( of monogenic nature).
Combinative statuses.
WHO classification (11 groups):
Diseases connected with aminoacids exchange disorders.
Carbohydrates exchange disorders.
Lipid exchange disorders.
Steroid exchange disorders.
Purine and pirymidine bases disorders.
Exchange disorders in connective tissues, muscles and bones.
Molecular diseases of haem and porphyrine.
Exchange disorders in erythrocytes and of their development.
Anomalies of plasma proteins.
Diseases connected with the disturbances of exchange of structural proteins, circulating blood proteins (Hb and others).
Pathogenesis.
Principle links of molecular diseases pathogenesis are the following:
Mutant allele.
Pathological primary product (qualitatively or quantitatively).
Chain of consecutive biochemical processes.
Cells.
Organs.
Organism.
4 Main types.
Excessive products amount synthesizing – gene acticity increasing – disease. Such type is not yet to be found in separate nosologic forms.
Anomalous protein synthesizing – disorder in the system (organ, tissue, cell) where the protein provides its function. Such disorders are manifested at first at the molecular level. Example: circle-cell anaemia.
Primary product synthesizing absence (frequence is the most) – disruption of one or another process in all biochemical reactions complex – toxic products-precursors accumulation. Example: phenylketonuria.
Synthesizing of decreased normal primary product amount. Such diseases pathogenesis is the most variable because simultaneously with normal metabolism way there are pathological processes. Examples: β-thalassaemia, acatalasy.
Accumulation diseases – lysosomic enzymes deficiencies (e.g., mucopolysaccharidoses at glycosaminiglycanes accumulation).
Peroxisome diseases (about 18 of them are described) – are characterized by:
Craniofacial dismorphyes.
Cataracta.
Skin folds on neck.
Kidney cystas.
Membrane diseases – receptors disorders that lead to transport disturbances.
Examples:
Mucoviscidose.
Vitamin D-resistent rickets.
Testicular feminization et al.
Genocopies – mutations in different locuses of hereditary material thet phenotypically expressed similarly. For example, there are 6 phenylketonuria and 12 galactosemia forms that have one clinic.
Main molecular diseases.
Neurophybromatosis (Reclinghausen’s disease).
Myotonic dystrophy.
Familiar hypercholesterinaemia.
Marphan’s syndrome.
Elers-Danlo syndrome.
Phenylketonuria.
Mucoviscidosis.
Albinism.
Adrenogenital syndrome.
Myodystrophy Dushenn’s.
•Syndrom of mental retardation with X-chromosome break and many many others.
Chromosomal diseases is a large group of congenital inherited diseases which are clinically characterized by multiple developmental anomalies. The chromosome or genome mutations are on the basis of them. These 2 different mutation types are united in term “chromosome anomalies”.