Leucocytes:

under normal conditions in males – 0-2 in a vision field, in females – 1-3 in a vision field.

Leucocyturia:

1. nephrites:

• pyelonephritis;

• intersticial nephritis;

• lupus nephritis;

• kidneys tuberculosis;

• glomerulonephritis (lymphocyturia);

2. cystitis;

3. urethritis;

4. pyelitis;

5) prostatitis;

6) nephrosis;

7) nephroscleroses;

8) fever;

9) intensive physical loading;

10) toxic substances action:

• ampycilline;

• canamycine;

• aspirine;

• levodopa;

• heroine;

• iron salts.

Leucocyturia – state when leucocytes amount in urine is more than 5-6 in a vision field. It is a feature of practically all kidney and urinary ways diseases. If such amount is more than 60 one can tell about pyuria.

Probe with 2 glasses:

Leucocyturia in the first portion (pyuria initialis) – urethritis, prostatitis; in the second one – cystitis, pyelitis, nephritis.

Probe with 3 glasses:

After prostate massage, after third portion taking (pyuria terminalis) – prostatitis.

Prednisolone probe

(for hidden leucocyturia detection)

First urine portion should be investigated in the morning, then the patient must have intravenous injection with 30 mg of prednisolone on 10 ml of physiological solution. Then 3 urine portions with 1-houred interval should be investigated. At a hidden urinary infection leucocyturia must be increased twice and more.

Cylinders

They are absent under normal conditions.

Cylinders – proteinic formations which are absent in urine of a healthy person. They are formed in nephron channels and have cylindric shape (they repeat channel´s shape).

Types:

• hyalinic;

• granular;

• ceraceous (wax-like).

If their origin is out of any doubt – leucocytic, erythrocytic and epithelial.

Hyalinic (increasing) –

1. all kidney diseases accompanied by glomerular proteinuria:

• glomerulonephritis;

• infectious agents action;

• allergic stimuli influence;

• hypertonic disease;

• heart activity decompensation;

2. acute pyelonephritis;

3. nephropathy of the pregnant;

4. kidneys new-formations;

5. kidneys and urinary ways tuberculosis;

6. fever;

7. intoxication with hard metals;

8. treatment with diuretics;

9. physiological:

• intensive physical loading;

• activity in a hot climate;

• after swimming in a cold water

Granular (increasing):

• active glomerulonephritis;

• diabetic nephropathy;

• pyelonephritis;

• amyloidosis;

• malignant hypertension;

• intoxication with hard metals;

• fever;

• intensive physical loading.

Wax-like (increasing):

• renal insufficiency;

• amyloidosis.

Leucocytic (increasing):

• pyelonephritis;

• lupus-nephrits.

Erythrocytic (increasing):

• glomerulonephritis;

• kidney infarction;

• renal vein thrombosis;

• malignant hypertension;

• subacute bacterial endocarditis;

• polyarteriitis;

Epithelial (increasing):

• renal channels acute nephrosis;

• viral diseases;

• amyloidosis;

• intoxications with hard metals;

• salicylates action;

• ethylenglycol action.

84. Proteinuria.

Selected – when low-molecular proteins are appeared in urin.

Non-selective – both low- and highly-molecular proteins can be in urine.

By selectivity degree pathophysiologists can tell about:

1. nephrotic proteinuria – albumines or albumines+globulines are in urine;

2. nephritic – all plasma proteins are in urine – albumines, alpha-, beta, gamma-globulines.

At increased protein content in urine one can tell about proteinuria which on its developmental mechanism can be:

1. physiological:

• orthostatic (at long-termed standing);

• overcooling;

• after long-termed physical training (especially running on big distance);

• at work in high-temperature regimen;

2. glomerular (delt with kidney glomerules increased permeability:

• glomerulonephritis;

• infections;

• allergy;

• hypertonic disease;

• heart activity decompensation.

High-molecular proteins detection testifies to kidney filter selectiveness absence and its expressed injure.

3. channel or tubular (connected with channels incapability to reabsorb proteins which have passed through intact glomerular filter:

• amyloidosis;

• acute channel necrosis;

• intersticial nephritis;

• Fanconi syndrome (hereditary tubulopathy).

4. prerenal (delt with tissular proteins enforced decomposition, at low-weight proteins such as Benz-Jons´, myoglobine, haemoglobine increased level in plasma:

• myelomic disease (Benz-Jons´ protein);

• muscular tissue necrosis;

• erythrocytes haemolysis.

5. postrenal (at urinary ways and sexual organs pathology):

• cystitis;

• urethritis;

• colpitis et al.

Glomerular and channel forms are often united in renal proteinuria.