72. Caries.

Caries – tooth solid tissues decomposition process as a result of their demineralization and softening with further defect formation like cavity. It is the mostly widely-spread humanity disease; in developed countries 95-98% of people are suffering and this ciphra has a tendency to be increased.

Total cariesogenic factors:

1. defective, inadequate feeding;

2. metabolism dysregulation especially in embryogenesis;

3. extreme factors action to organism;

4. heredity which detects teeth tissues structure and chemical content disorders.

Local factors:

1. dental covering;

2. oral liquid content and features disorders;

3. tooth tissues resistance and biochemical content disorders;

4. pulp state;

5. dental-maxillary apparatus state during embryogenesis.

All microbic shtamms of Str. mutans, salivatorius and sanguis have the ability to cause carbohydrates aerobic decomposition with organic acids increased formation. Essential role has excessive sugar eating (especially saccharose). The lattest can decrease pH from 6,0 to 4,0 in several minutes. Organic acids (lactate, pyruvate, ant, oleic, propyonic) demineralize enamel. Dental coating microbs can be absorbed to tooth solid teeth and produce heteropolysaccharides which are also essential for decay development.

73. Periodontitis and parodontosis.

Periodontitis: Pathogenes cause:

1. neurotrophic and vascular disorders in peridentium;

2. organism and peridntium reactivity changings;

3. metabolic chngings in peridentium;

4. connective tissue collagenic and non-collagenic proteins depolymerization;

5. alveolar processus resorbtion – teeth loosing;

6. oedema and destruction in peridentium;

7. lysosomal enzymes activation;

8. sometimes osteoporosis and osteosclerosis focuses are alternated.

Local factors essential for development:

1. dental covering;

2. dental stone;

3. anomal teething;

4. oral cavity microphlora;

5. saliva chemical content and its features changing.

So, alteration, exsudation and proliferation are present.

Parodontosis – dystrophic changings in parodont: alteration, vascular disorders and metabolism disturbances.

74. Hypo- and hypertonic gastric dyskinesias.

Hypertonic.

Reasons:

1. some alimentary factors (solid food, alcohol);

2. gastric secretion increasing;

3. vagus tone increasing;

4. some gastro-intestinal hormones particularly motyline.

Results:

1. prolonged content lack in stomach which encourage stomach secretion increasing and ulcers development on mucus;

2. antiperistalsis development (opposite peristalsis) of stomach which provide eructation, nausea, vomiting.

Hypotonic:

Reasons:

1. alimentary factors (fatty food);

2. gastric secretion diminishing (hypoacidic gastritis);

3. vagus ton dereasing;

4. action of hormones inhibiting stomach motor activity – gastroinhibiting hormone, enterogastrone, secretine;

5. pylorus removal;

6. organism weakness, cachexy, gastroptosis (stomach putting down).

Results:

1. food is located in stomach less time than under norm which lead to digestion problems;

2. food non-digested components action to intestine mucosa receptors cause their peristalsis enforcement and diarrhea.