- •Pathophysiology tasks:
- •General doctrine of disease. Basic concepts of general pathology: norm, health. Definition by who. Disease.
- •Disease.
- •Conception of pathological process, pathological state, pathological reaction. Definition of typical pathological processes.
- •Typical pathological processes are the processes which are developed by similar laws, independently on reasons, localization, animals type and organism individual peculiarities.
- •Disease difference from health
- •3 Points of view:
- •Disease, biological and social factors are actual because human being is first of all social creature
- •4 Levels of diseases prescription:
- •5. Diseases classification principles:
- •8. Collapse. Comparative characteristics with shock. Aethiology and pathogenesis. Role of nervous and humoral mechanisms
- •9. Crash-syndrome -
- •10. Coma -
- •11. Informational aspects of cell injury. Pathology of signalization.
- •13. Programmed cell death (pcd)
- •3 Apoptosis phases:
- •14. Outcomes of apoptosis inhibiting and activation.
- •Classification.
- •4 Main types.
- •Classification.
- •16. The concept of primary and secondary alteration. Molecular mechanisms of cell injury. Lipid mechanisms role in alteration pathogenesis.
- •17. Free radicals and their role in pathological processes development.
- •19. Antioxidant mechanisms of cells. Antioxidant insufficiency.
- •19. Apoptosis and necrosis comparative characteristics.
- •20. Reactivity. Types. Dependence on sex.
- •23. Resistance. Passive and active resistance. Resistance and reactivity relationship.
- •25. Constitution, role in pathology, types classification.
- •26. Diatheses.
- •27. Stress, general adaptation syndrome.
- •28. Stress-inducing and stress-limiting systems. Diseases of adaptation.
- •29. Concept of “local microcirculatory disorders”. Some mechanisms.
- •30. Arterial hyperemia
- •2 Subtypes:
- •31. Venous hyperemia
- •32. Ishemia
- •33. Reperfusion syndrome
- •34. Stasis.
- •Variants:
- •35. Thrombosis and embolism. Thrombosis characteristics.
- •3 Main factors encouraging thrombi formation (Wirhow’s triad):
- •36. Embolism.
- •37. Embolism of pulmonary, systemic and portal circulation.
- •38. Microcirculation disorders typical forms:
- •39. Intravascular circulation disorders: rheological changings and changings of blood flow.
- •41. Microvascular tone disorders.
- •42. Extravascular disorders.
- •43. Concept of inflammation. Aethiology.
- •44. Inflammation stages, main signs and types.
- •Inflammation types (continuation).
- •45. Primary and secondary alteration.
- •46. Mediators and antimediators.
- •47. Circulatory changings during inflammation.
- •48. Fever aethiology. Pyrogens classification.
- •49. Fever stages. Fever reactions types.
- •50. Fever comparative characteristics with exogenous overheating and hyperthermia other forms.
- •50. Edemas. Classification. Oncotic and hydrostatic mechanism.
- •58. Anaemias. Erythrocytes regenerative and degenerative forms. Cells of pathological regeneration.
- •54. Anisocytosis, poikylocytosis, price-jonce’ curve movements on the right and on the left.
- •55. Blood loss.
- •56. Acute and chronic posthaemorrhagic anaemias.
- •57. Hereditary hemolytic anaemias.
- •3 Groups:
- •58. Acquired haemolytic anaemias.
- •59. Dyserythropoietic anaemias.
- •60. Aplastic and hypoplastic anaemias. Metaplastic anaemia. Myelophthysis.
- •2 Groups of factors:
- •2 Main pathogenetic mechanisms:
- •61. Cardiac arrhythmias.
- •62. Concept of arterial hypo- and hypertension.
- •63. Primary arterial hypertension.
- •2 Pathogenetical conceptions:
- •64. Secondary arterial hypertension.
- •65. Cardiac insufficiency.
- •2 Overloads types:
- •66.Heart failure myocardial form.
- •67. Coronary cirulation disorders. Reperfusion syndrome. Calcium paradox. Oxygen paradox.
- •68. Respiratory failure.
- •Probes which allow to determine one or another disorders type:
- •69. External respiratory failure. Dyspnea.
- •70. Hypoxies.
- •71. Appetite disturbance.
- •2 Main mechanisms:
- •72. Caries.
- •73. Periodontitis and parodontosis.
- •74. Hypo- and hypertonic gastric dyskinesias.
- •75. Heartburn, eructation, nausea, vomiting.
- •76. Hepatic failure. Classification. Functional hepatic tests.
- •77. Hepatic failure hepatic-vascular form.
- •78. Liver excretory function disorders. Jaundices. Liver functions
- •Proteinic exchange
- •Carbohydrates metabolism
- •Lipid metabolism
- •Pigment metabolism
- •Jaundices differentiated diagnosis
- •79. Haemolytic jaundice.
- •80. Hepato-cellular or parenchymatous jaundice.
- •81. Hepato-portal hypertension. Ascitis.
- •82. Urine amount qualitative and quantitative changings.
- •Urine relative density (weight) (in morning portion)
- •83. Urine pathological components. Protein
- •Leucocytes:
- •Cylinders
- •84. Proteinuria.
- •85. Renal acid-alkaline balance disorders
- •86. Adrenal glands pathology. Cortex acute and chronic insuffieiency.
- •87. Thyroid hypofunction.
- •88. Hypothyroidism.
- •89. General regularities in occurrence and development cns disorders. Pathological processes classification.
- •90. Pathological excitement and inhibiting in nervous centers.
- •I. Of pathological excitement:
- •II. Of pathological inhibiting:
- •91. Ephaptic effects.
- •92. Pain.
25. Constitution, role in pathology, types classification.
Constitution is a complex of morphological, functional and psychical organism peculiarities, rather stable, determining its reactivity which is based on hereditary ground under environmental factors influence.
Role: it defines organism individual reactivity, its adaptative distinguishing features, physiological and pathological processes courses peculiarities as well as pathological predisposition (ALSO TO N.21).
Types classification (also to n.21 – CONSTITUTION ROLE IN PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES):
1. Classification of Hippocrat. One can differentiate sanguinics, cholerics, phlegmatics and melancholics dependently on human being temperamentum peculiarities and his behavior in society.
2. Classifiation of Sigo. Principle of primary development of one or another physiological system lies in its basis. Following types: respiratory, alimentary (digestive), muscular and cerebral.
3. Krechmer’s classification – it links human being morphological features with his psychics peculiarities and frequency of definite psychical diseases. Types: athletic, picnic, asthenic.
4. By A.M.Chernorutsky: people are differentiates to normosthenics, hyposthenics and hypersthenics according to main functions and metabolism.
5. By A.A.Bogomolets: it is based on connective tissue structure and functions peculiarities in organism. Types: fibrous, lipomatous, pastous (oedematic), asthenic. Fibrous type has solid fibrous connective tissue, lipomatous – excessive development of adipous tissue, oedematic – odematic, soft connective tissue dominance, asthenic – solid, thin mesenchyme.
6. Classification by I.Pavlov. One can tell about artistic (with first signal system dominance) and mental (with second signal system dominance) types (dependently on first and second signal systems correlation). People with artistic type are suffering from shizophreny, mental one – from manias.
26. Diatheses.
Diathesis is constitution special anomaly characterized by organism ubnormal reaction to physiological and pathological stimuli. It is expressed the mostly often in childhood when homeostatic mechanisms are not completely maturated.
Exsudative-cataral – child appearance is normal or oedematic. Inflammatory processes with exsudate formation and allergy reactions are very easily to be developed. Clinical picture is the following: skin eczema, bronchial asthma, oedema Quinke.
Lymphatic-hypoplastic diathesis – person’s appearance is characterized by oedema, pale skin, muscular system weak development, lymphatic nodes increasing. Angine and pharyngitis are often, lymphocytes number is increased in blood. Predisposition to autoallergic diseases.
Nervous-arthritic – human appearance is normal or oedematic, obesity is possible. Nervous system hyperexcitability. Predisposition to non-infectious joints deforming diseases, cutaneous diseases (like eczema), gout, obesity, rheumatism.
Asthenic – is characterized by total adynamy, vascular reactions lability. Visceral organs ptosis is very often.
27. Stress, general adaptation syndrome.
Stress – is a state of non-specific adaptative mechanisms tension occurring at excessive (superliminal) factors action to organism. Clinical manifestation is complex of structural, functional and biochemical changings receiving the name “general adaptational syndrome”. The term “stress” was described first and introduced in usage by Hans Selie in 1936.
General adaptational syndrome morphological features.
Multiple pathogenic factors action to organism independently on their features and origin gives standard answer which is expressed in morphological triad:
suprarenal cortex hypertrophy;
thymic-lymphocytic system involution namely thymus and lymphatic nodes atrophy;
ulcers and erosions formation in stomach and intestines.
Stages:
Anxiety stage:
a) shock substage is characterized by short-termed resistence decreasing to pathogenic factor;
b) contrshock substage – organism resistance first is restored and then is increased.
Resistance stage – is characterized by stable and prolonged increasing of organism resistane both to stressogenic factor and to others.
Exhaustion stage – appears at very intensive or prolonged pathogenic factor action as well as under adaptational mechanisms functional weakness conditions. It is accompanied by organism resistance reducing to pathogenic influencings.