- •Pathophysiology tasks:
- •General doctrine of disease. Basic concepts of general pathology: norm, health. Definition by who. Disease.
- •Disease.
- •Conception of pathological process, pathological state, pathological reaction. Definition of typical pathological processes.
- •Typical pathological processes are the processes which are developed by similar laws, independently on reasons, localization, animals type and organism individual peculiarities.
- •Disease difference from health
- •3 Points of view:
- •Disease, biological and social factors are actual because human being is first of all social creature
- •4 Levels of diseases prescription:
- •5. Diseases classification principles:
- •8. Collapse. Comparative characteristics with shock. Aethiology and pathogenesis. Role of nervous and humoral mechanisms
- •9. Crash-syndrome -
- •10. Coma -
- •11. Informational aspects of cell injury. Pathology of signalization.
- •13. Programmed cell death (pcd)
- •3 Apoptosis phases:
- •14. Outcomes of apoptosis inhibiting and activation.
- •Classification.
- •4 Main types.
- •Classification.
- •16. The concept of primary and secondary alteration. Molecular mechanisms of cell injury. Lipid mechanisms role in alteration pathogenesis.
- •17. Free radicals and their role in pathological processes development.
- •19. Antioxidant mechanisms of cells. Antioxidant insufficiency.
- •19. Apoptosis and necrosis comparative characteristics.
- •20. Reactivity. Types. Dependence on sex.
- •23. Resistance. Passive and active resistance. Resistance and reactivity relationship.
- •25. Constitution, role in pathology, types classification.
- •26. Diatheses.
- •27. Stress, general adaptation syndrome.
- •28. Stress-inducing and stress-limiting systems. Diseases of adaptation.
- •29. Concept of “local microcirculatory disorders”. Some mechanisms.
- •30. Arterial hyperemia
- •2 Subtypes:
- •31. Venous hyperemia
- •32. Ishemia
- •33. Reperfusion syndrome
- •34. Stasis.
- •Variants:
- •35. Thrombosis and embolism. Thrombosis characteristics.
- •3 Main factors encouraging thrombi formation (Wirhow’s triad):
- •36. Embolism.
- •37. Embolism of pulmonary, systemic and portal circulation.
- •38. Microcirculation disorders typical forms:
- •39. Intravascular circulation disorders: rheological changings and changings of blood flow.
- •41. Microvascular tone disorders.
- •42. Extravascular disorders.
- •43. Concept of inflammation. Aethiology.
- •44. Inflammation stages, main signs and types.
- •Inflammation types (continuation).
- •45. Primary and secondary alteration.
- •46. Mediators and antimediators.
- •47. Circulatory changings during inflammation.
- •48. Fever aethiology. Pyrogens classification.
- •49. Fever stages. Fever reactions types.
- •50. Fever comparative characteristics with exogenous overheating and hyperthermia other forms.
- •50. Edemas. Classification. Oncotic and hydrostatic mechanism.
- •58. Anaemias. Erythrocytes regenerative and degenerative forms. Cells of pathological regeneration.
- •54. Anisocytosis, poikylocytosis, price-jonce’ curve movements on the right and on the left.
- •55. Blood loss.
- •56. Acute and chronic posthaemorrhagic anaemias.
- •57. Hereditary hemolytic anaemias.
- •3 Groups:
- •58. Acquired haemolytic anaemias.
- •59. Dyserythropoietic anaemias.
- •60. Aplastic and hypoplastic anaemias. Metaplastic anaemia. Myelophthysis.
- •2 Groups of factors:
- •2 Main pathogenetic mechanisms:
- •61. Cardiac arrhythmias.
- •62. Concept of arterial hypo- and hypertension.
- •63. Primary arterial hypertension.
- •2 Pathogenetical conceptions:
- •64. Secondary arterial hypertension.
- •65. Cardiac insufficiency.
- •2 Overloads types:
- •66.Heart failure myocardial form.
- •67. Coronary cirulation disorders. Reperfusion syndrome. Calcium paradox. Oxygen paradox.
- •68. Respiratory failure.
- •Probes which allow to determine one or another disorders type:
- •69. External respiratory failure. Dyspnea.
- •70. Hypoxies.
- •71. Appetite disturbance.
- •2 Main mechanisms:
- •72. Caries.
- •73. Periodontitis and parodontosis.
- •74. Hypo- and hypertonic gastric dyskinesias.
- •75. Heartburn, eructation, nausea, vomiting.
- •76. Hepatic failure. Classification. Functional hepatic tests.
- •77. Hepatic failure hepatic-vascular form.
- •78. Liver excretory function disorders. Jaundices. Liver functions
- •Proteinic exchange
- •Carbohydrates metabolism
- •Lipid metabolism
- •Pigment metabolism
- •Jaundices differentiated diagnosis
- •79. Haemolytic jaundice.
- •80. Hepato-cellular or parenchymatous jaundice.
- •81. Hepato-portal hypertension. Ascitis.
- •82. Urine amount qualitative and quantitative changings.
- •Urine relative density (weight) (in morning portion)
- •83. Urine pathological components. Protein
- •Leucocytes:
- •Cylinders
- •84. Proteinuria.
- •85. Renal acid-alkaline balance disorders
- •86. Adrenal glands pathology. Cortex acute and chronic insuffieiency.
- •87. Thyroid hypofunction.
- •88. Hypothyroidism.
- •89. General regularities in occurrence and development cns disorders. Pathological processes classification.
- •90. Pathological excitement and inhibiting in nervous centers.
- •I. Of pathological excitement:
- •II. Of pathological inhibiting:
- •91. Ephaptic effects.
- •92. Pain.
19. Antioxidant mechanisms of cells. Antioxidant insufficiency.
Antioxidant mechanisms:
Enzymatic:
a) Superoxidedismutase – it has 2 components: superoxidedismutase and catalase. Significance: superoxide radicals inactivation (HO2*):
HO2*+HO2*___SOD____H2O2+O2;
2H2O2___catalase 2H2O+O2
Disorders: enzymes synthesis acquired disorders, copper and iron deficiency.
b) Glutathione.
Components: glutathione (G), glutathioneperoxidase (GP), glutathionereductase (GR), NADPH2.
Significance: lipids hydroperoxides inactivation and decomposition.
2GH+ROOH___GP G-S-S-G +ROH+HOH;
NADPH2+G-S-S-G_____GR NADP+2GH;
NADP+2H++2e-______pentose cycle enzymes NADP+H2.
Disorders: hereditary determined and acquired disorders of enzymes synthesis, selen deficiency, pentose cycle disturbances (NADPH2 formation deficiency).
Non-enzymatic:
a) Real antioxidants.
Components: tocopherols, ubichinons, naphtochinons, flavonoids, steroid hormones, biogenic amines.
Role: fatty acids free radicals inactivation:
RO2*+InH_____ROOH+In*, where
In – antioxidant; In* - this antioxidant free radical which possesses low reactional ability.
Disorders: hypovitaminosis E, “real antioxidants” regeneration disorders.
b) Additional antioxidants.
Components: ascorbinic acid, serum-containing substances – gluthatione, cystine, cysteine.
Role: “real” antioxidants regeneration:
In*+In*+2DH___2InH+2D, where
DH – additional antioxidant reducted form;
D – additional antioxidant oxidated form.
Disorders: hypovitaminosis C, pentose cycle disorders, serum-containing compounds deficiency.
19. Apoptosis and necrosis comparative characteristics.
Indexes |
Apoptosis |
Necrosis |
Trigger factor |
Signal percepted by membrane receptors or physiological signals (for example, of proliferation) absence |
Toxic or membranotropic agents, usual stimuli big dosages, non-adequate environmental conditions |
Developmental speed |
1-12 hours |
Up to 1 hour |
Primary injury localization |
In nucleus |
In membrane |
Cell death reason |
DNA degradation, cellular energetic disorder |
Membranes integrity injury |
Cellular size changing |
Decreasing (wrinkling) |
Increasing (swelling) |
Nucleus changings |
Chromatine condensation, piknosis, fragmentation |
Swelling |
Changing in cytoplasm |
Cytoplasm condensation, granules densing |
Granules lysis |
Cellular membrane changings |
Microvilli loosing, infoldings formation (ceyosis) |
Integrity injury |
DNA state |
Rupture with formation first large, then small fragments |
Non-structured degradation (non-organized) |
Energetical dependence |
Depends |
Doesn’t depend |
Expression examples |
Metamorphosis, lymphocytes negative selection, hormone-dependent atrophy, lymphocyte interphasic death |
Cell death from hypoxy, toxins action, viral cytolysis, complement-dependent cytolysis |
Morphological recognizing method |
Cells wrinkling |
Cells swelling |
Tynctorial methods |
DNA staining (with tropic coloured substances) inhibiting |
Supravital staining perception |
Cytofluorimetric methods |
Hypodyploicity |
|
Electrophoretic methods |
Discrete fractions formation at DNA electrophoresis |
Spot without clear (distinct) boarders at DNA electrophoresis |
Genetically regulation |
Present, very powerful |
Absent |