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HIGHER EDUATIONAL MEDICAL INSTITUTION OF UKRAINE

“UKRAINIAN MEDICAL DENTAL ACADEMY”

MATERIALS FOR DENTAL STUDENTS SELF-WORK IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

1. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE AND EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE, ITS STRUCTURAL PARTS: GENERAL PATHOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ORGANS AND ORGANS SYSTEM, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SUBJECTS AND TASKS.

The term “pathophysiology” was introduced in science and used first in the XVII century by J.Varandes. The name “pathophysiology” is used in Russia, Ukraine and Eastern Europe. French-speaking countries have physiopathology laboratories. In English-speaking world general pathology course performs the same functions in medical education system. “Pathological physiology” is experimental, integrative fundamental medico-biological science (by G.N.Kryzhanovsky, 1996). It is pathophysiology like educational subject.

Pathological physiology – is a science, studying disease occurrence, development and resulting general regularities. It is a science about sick organism vital activity.

Pathophysiology peculiarity as a subject. Disease and sick organism are the study subject of many common-theoretical and all clinical disciplines. The pathophysiology peculiarity as a subject is in following: it assesses common in disease, i.e.the mostly general regularities of disease occurrence and development while other sciences study particular, special, especial.

Pathophysiology tasks:

1. Disease essence establishment (what is disease as it is)?

2. Disease reasons and developmental conditions assessment.

3. The disease developmental mechanisms and disease separate expressions clearance as well as disease course regularities and recovery mechanisms establishment.

4. Common diseases treatment and prevention principles determining.

Mentioned tasks find their solution in 4 parts of pathophysiology as a science: nozology, aethiology, pathogenesis, experimental therapy.

General pathophysilogy studies common-pathological processes (apoptosis, necrosis, fever, stress, allergy tumor growth and others) main regularities.

Pathophysiology of organs and systems study mechanisms of pathological processes in separate organs and systems of organs and ways of their liquidating. For example, pathophysiology of nervous system, blood system, respiratory system, kidney, lungs and so on.

1. General doctrine of disease. Basic concepts of general pathology: norm, health. Definition by who. Disease.

General nozology main terms:

1. health;

2. norm;

3. disease;

4. pathological process;

5. pathological state;

6. pathological reaction.

The only definition of the term “health” is absent. Each of definition characterizes one plane of health:

1. Harmony state (philosophical definition).

2. State of limited by nothing realization of genetically programmed processes of self-regulation, self-repairing and self-renewal and self-reproduction which are life essence. It is life in its complete volume (common-biological definition).

3. The ability to preserve organism internal environment constancy under changeable conditions of surrounding world (common-physiological definition).

4. The state of complete physical, psychological and social welfare but not only diseases absence or physical vices absence (WHO definition, 1946).

5. Norm state (definition, used in doctor practical activity).

Norm.

There are 2 main approaches to this term definition:

1. statistic – it “something” the mostly widely-spread in the population;

2. common-biological – organism functioning and development biological optimum. This approach reflects scientific approach to the term “norm”. But this approach is not realized now because of limit of our knowledge and abilities. That is why doctor uses static approach in his daily activity.

Disease.

There exist 3 meanins of the term “disease” in medicine (dependently on the correlation of concrete and abstract):

1. disease as phylosophical uniting;

2. as nozological unit;

3. as separate person disease.

2. Conception of pathological process, pathological state, pathological reaction. Definition of typical pathological processes.

Pathological process is a sequence of reactions properilly occurring in organism to the pathogenic factor injuring action. It is a combination of the processes of decomposition (injury) and protective compensatory reactions, occurring at organism different organizational levels under pathogenic factor action.

The difference between the terms “pathological process” and “disease” is in following: pathological process can be developed at different organizational levels (molecular, cellular, tissular, organic, systemic). Disease is an organism state. If pathological process reaches organismic level i.e. disturbs its vital activity than it became transformed into disease. That is why pathological process is not obligatory the disease. At the same time disease can not be without pathological process.