2. Контрольные работы Контрольная работа №1

Вариант 1

Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s (-es), и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. признаком притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The Romans had a significant need for good roads .

2. McAdams' highways were designed using the first modern inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate.

3. The scientist states that the new method of work is very important for the fulfillment of the plan.

4. Water boils at 100°Centigrade.

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных существительными.

1. Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s.

2. A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage for an automobile road or railway.

3. Railroad engineers can move into the specialized field of train dispatching which focuses on train movement control.

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Text 2 is not as difficult as Text 1.

2. The more we develop roads the better infrastructure we have.

3. The most expensive highways are in Germany.

Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных, отрицательных и указательных местоимений

1. Some of Roman roads remained from ancient times.

2. There is nothing interesting to see in this part of the town.

3. This experiment will last two hours.

Задание 5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глагола и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Nobody knows when the wheel first appeared.

2. He works for the travel agency”Holidays’.

3. In the future people will have cars with better conveniences.

4. These systems were the first practical form of mechanized land transport.

Задание 6. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий текст:

1. Road transport

2. The first earth tracks were created by humans carrying goods and often followed game trails. Tracks would be naturally created at points of high traffic density. As animals were domesticated, horses, oxen and donkeys became an element in track-creation. With the growth of trade, tracks were often flattened or widened to accommodate animal traffic. Later, a frame used to drag loads, was developed. Animal-drawn wheeled vehicles probably developed in the Ancient Near East in the 4th or 5th millennium BC and spread to Europe and India in the 4th millennium BC and to China in about 1200 BC. The Romans had a significant need for good roads to extend and maintain their empire and developed Roman roads.

In the Industrial Revolution, John Loudon McAdams (1756-1836) designed the first modern highways, using inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate , and he embanked roads a few feet higher than the surrounding terrain to cause water to drain away from the surface. With the development of motor transport there was an increased need for hard-topped roads to reduce washways, bogging and dust on both urban and rural roads.

Задание 7. Прочитайте последний абзац текста и дайте письменный ответ на следующий вопрос.

What did John Loudon McAdam design in the Industrial Revolution?

Вариант 2

Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s (-es), и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. признаком притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Boats were suitable for a significant sea crossing.

2. The China’s Grand Canal was the longest canal of ancient times.

3. Hyde Park covers 360 acres.

4. Everything in this town reminds of the heroic days of the Great Patriotic War.

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных существительными.

1. Tracks were created at points of high traffic density

2. They use Civil Engineering principles to improve the transportation system.

3. William Maybach together with Gottlieb Daimler developed the first high speed internal combustion engine.

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык .

1. With the development of civilization, bigger vessels were developed both for trade and war.

2. The longest canal of ancient times was the Grand Canal of China.

3. The more the country is fortified from the sea, the better defense it has.

Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных, отрицательных и указательных местоимений.

1. Some of the first canals were incredibly deep.

2. When travelling from Glasgow down the river Clyde and then along the coast of the Firth of Clyde, you realize that any corner of this area is magnificent.

3. Nobody liked the play: it was very dull.

Задание 5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глагола и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Later people joined together a pair of two wheeled carts into a four wheeled vehicle.

2. There are about 3000 Americans who like to collect antique cars.

3. Experts say that in the 21^st century people will go by rocket from New York to Tokyo in 30 minutes.

Задание 6. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык нижеследующий текст.

Maritime transport

In the stone age primitive boats were developed to permit navigation of rivers and for fishing in rivers and off the coast. It has been argued that boats suitable for a significant sea crossing were necessary for people to reach Australia 40,000-45,000 years ago. With the development of civilization, bigger vessels were developed both for trade and war. In the Mediterranean, galleys were developed about 3,000 BC. Galleys were eventually rendered obsolete by ocean-going sailing ships, such as the man-of-war, in the late 15th century. In the industrial revolution, first steam ships and later diesel-powered ships were developed. Eventually submarines were developed mainly for military purposes.

Meanwhile specialized craft were developed for river and canal transport. Canals were developed in Mesopotamia circa 4000 BC. The Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan and North India (from circa 2600 BC) had the first canal irrigation system in the world. The longest canal of ancient times was the Grand Canal of China. It is 1794 kilometers (1115 miles) long and was built to carry the Emperor Yang Guang between Beijing and Hangzhou. The project began in 605, although the oldest sections of the canal may have existed since about 486 BC.

Задание 7. Прочитайте последний абзац текста и дайте письменный ответ на следующий вопрос.

What did the Indus valley Civilization in Pakistan and North India have?

Вариант 3

Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s (-es), и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. признаком притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

5. The use of cast iron plates as rails began in the 1760s.

6. Railway transport continues to be the safest means of transport in the world.

7. The results of scientists’ experiments were published in 2009.

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных существительными.

4. Henry Royce was a famous car engineer.

5. In the industrial revolution the first steam ships were invented.

6. They estimate the transportation needs of the public.

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

5. Bicycle is one of the most fashionable means of transport in Europe.

6. My composition is not as long as yours.

7. Which country is larger: the United States or Canada?

Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных, отрицательных и указательных местоимений.

4. These systems, which made use of the steam locomotive, were the first practical form of mechanized land transport.

5. Some people are terribly scared by travelling by train.

6. The electric train can develop speed no less than 300 km/hour.

Задание 5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глагола и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

4. Motor transport began to spread in Europe very rapidly.

5. This Motor car club specializes in rare car models.

6. In future people will ride in remote-controlled electronic cars.

7. N. Otto introduced the four-stroke cycle of motor operation.

Задание 6. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий текст.

Forms of green transport

Walking, or ambulation, is the main form of animal locomotion on land, distinguished from running and crawling. The word walk is descended from the Old English wealcan "to roll".

4. Bicycling, also called cycling or biking, is the use of bicycles as a means of transport, a form of recreation, or a sport. It is done on roads and paths, across open country or even over snow and ice (icebiking).

5. A green vehicle is one that is significantly less harmful to the environment than comparable conventional vehicles. Certain green vehicles may provide a way of sustainable transport.

6. Green Vehicles also include:

7. Solar battery vehicles are electric vehicles powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Solar battery vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies.

8. Wind-powered electric vehicles primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel.

9. Electric cars are alternative fuel cars that use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines .

10. Hybrid vehicles use two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.

11. Electric trains and electric buses are forms of green transport categorized as public transport.

Задание 7. Прочитайте предпоследний абзац текста и дайте письменный ответ на следующий вопрос.

How many power sources do hybrid vehicles use?

Вариант 4

Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s (-es), и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

8. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

9. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

10. признаком притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

8. Humanity's desire to fly likely dates back to the first time when man observed birds.

9. The Wright brothers made the first flight on December 17, 1903.

10. The scientist’s efforts resulted in success.

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных существительными.

7. The aerial cable cars connect Manhattan Island with Roosevelt Island in New York.

8. This engine began a transport revolution in cars, lorries, trains and ships.

9. There was a high fence around the construction site.

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык:

8. This highway is much longer than that motorway.

9. The smallest portion of the population in this country can afford automobiles.

10. The more I thought of that plan, the less I liked it.

Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных, отрицательных и указательных местоимений.

7. No one was injured in the first balloon flight.

8. Did any people see the first flight made by the Montgolfier brothers?

9. The names of some streets and squares are living history of the heroic town.

Задание 5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глагола и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

12. Henry Ford, an American manufacturer, introduced the first cheap motor car, the famous Ford Model “T”.

13. The club practices meetings where members show their cars.

14. A new exhibit will appear in this Motor museum soon.

15. During the Industrial revolution J. Mc Adams designed the first modern highways.

Задание 6. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык нижеследующий текст.

3. Aviation and spaceflights

Humanity's desire to fly likely dates to the first time when man observed birds, an observation illustrated in the legendary story of Daedalus and Icarus. Much of the focus of early research was on imitating birds, but through trial and error, balloons, airships, gliders and eventually aircraft and other types of flying machines were invented. The first generally recognized human flight took place in Paris in 1783. Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and Francois d'Arlandes moved 5 miles (8 km) in a hot air balloon invented by the Montgolfier brothers. The Wright brothers made the first flight on December 17, 1903.

The realistic dream of spaceflight dates back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, however Tsiolkovsky wrote in Russian, and this was not widely influential outside Russia. Spaceflights became an engineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddard's publication in 1919 of his paper “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes” ; where his application of the de Laval nozzle to liquid fuelled rockets gave sufficient power that interplanetary travel became possible.

Задание 7. Прочитайте второй абзац текста и дайте письменный ответ на следующий вопрос.

When did space flights become an engineering possibility?

Вариант 5

Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s (es). и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. признаком притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Railway engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of railroads and mass transit systems.

2. An airport engineer designs and constructs airports.

3. Engineers’ dream to construct the safest means of transport has come true.

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных существительными.

1. They flew 8 km in a hot air balloon invented by the Montgolfier brothers.

2. Typical tasks include determining station location and design as well as construction cost estimating.

3. Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz were interested in car production.

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Environmentalists think that the more roads we build the more cars fill them.

2. Heathrow airport is one of the biggest airports in Europe.

3. Automatic devices make labor safer and easier.

Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных, отрицательных и указательных местоимений.

1. This airport stays open even if the weather is bad.

2. Some lands around the city were flat and open, just right to build an airport.

3. No plane takes off at night because of bad visibility.

Задание 5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глагола и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The rapid development of the internal combustion engine led to its use in motor transport.

2. Some magazines specialize in a single type of car such as famous Model “T”.

3. Your car radio will tell you about the next corner before you see it.

4. When the Spaniards reached South America they found that Incas of Peru used suspension bridges.

Задание 6. Причитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык нижеследующий текст.

Highway Engineering

Engineers in this specialization handle the planning, design, construction, and operation of highways, roads, and other vehicular facilities. They estimate the transportation needs of the public and then secure the funding for the project. They also analyze locations of high traffic volumes for safety and capacity and use Civil Engineering principles to improve the transportation system.

Railroad Engineering . Railway engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of railroads and mass transit systems that use a fixed guide way. Typical tasks would include determining horizontal and vertical alignment design, station location and design, and construction cost estimating. Railroad engineers can also move into the specialized field of train dispatching which focuses on train movement control.

Port & Harbor Engineering. Port and Harbor engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of ports, harbors, canals, and other maritime facilities. This is not to be confused with marine engineering.

Airport Engineering Airport engineers design and construct airports. Airport engineers must account for the impacts and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities. One such example is the analysis of predominant wind direction to determine runway orientation.

Задание 7. Прочитайте второй абзац текста и дайте письменный ответ на следующий вопрос.

What would typical tasks include?

Контрольная работа №2

Вариант 1

Задание № 1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

1. By 1784 William Merdoch had built a working model of steam carriage.

2. The light has just changed from green to red.

3. Some inventors were promoting electric cars of taking part in their development.

4. In some countries automobiles are playing a most important part in solving many problems of transport.

Задание № 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните

Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Autos is a Greek word meaning “self”, mobilis is a Latin word meaning “movable”.

2. Some of the America’s most distinguished inventors were promoting electric automobiles.

3. The figures mentioned in this report were published in the latest scientific journal.

4. The light has just changed from green to red.

Задание № 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или модальную фразу. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. There was no water left in the radiator, so we had to stop and refill it.

2. Collectors of cars can also advertise in magazines published by their clubs.

3. Drivers must stop when they see the red light.

4. They were to send the documents by e-mail.

Задание № 4. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий текст:

Engine

An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines (such as steam engines) burn a fuel to create heat which is then used to create motion. Electric motors convert electrical energy in mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air and others.

Originally an engine was a mechanical device that converted force into motion. The term "gin" as in cotton gin is recognised as a short form of the Old French word engin, in turn from the Latin ingenium, related to ingenious. Most devices used in the industrial revolution were referred to as engines, and this is where the steam engine gained its name.

In modern usage, the term is used to describe devices capable of performing mechanical work, as in the original steam engine. In most cases the work is produced by exerting a torque or linear force, which is used to operate other machinery which can generate electricity, pump water, or compress gas.

In common usage, an engine burns or otherwise consumes fuel, and is differentiated from an electric machine that derives power without changing the composition of matter. A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover, a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by an internal combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from the engine.

Задание 5. Прочитайте последний абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Их приведенных вариантов укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

What are modern automobiles powered by?

1. by stem engine

2. by an internal combustion engine

3. by an internal combustion engine and various motors and pumps.

Вариант 2

Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

1. By the start of the 20^th century the automobile industry was beginning to develop in western Europe.

2. The automobile has ceased be be a matter of luxury or sport.

3. They are testing the new engine in the laboratory.

4. By that time we had already changed our plans.

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The two words taken together mean “self - moving”.

2. The first American firm manufacturing car was churning out well designed electric automobiles.

3. Have you ever travelled by car?

4. Driving a car at night he met with an accident.

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или модальную фразу. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. No discovery can be made without wide experimentation.

2. motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and spare parts.

3. He is to go to the Far East on business.

4. You may go home now, I’ll repair the car myself.

Задание 4. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий текст:

History of the automobile

The history of the automobile begins as early as 1769, with the creation of steam-powered automobiles capable of human transport.

German engineer Karl Benz is generally regarded as the inventor of the modern automobile. The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion is a creation of German inventor Nikolaus Otto. The similar four-stroke diesel engine was also invented by a German, Rudolf Diesel.

Ferdinand Verbiest built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672, designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor which was the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile'). Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles are thought to have been devised in the late-18th century.

By 1784, William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth, and in 1801 Richard Trevithick was running a full-sized vehicle on the roads in Camborne.

In Russia in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin started working on a human-pedalled carriage with a steam engine. He finished working on it in 1791. Some of its features included a flywheel, brake, gearbox, and bearing. Unfortunately, the government failed to see the potential market and it was not developed further.

Задание 5. Прочитайте последний абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Их приведенных вариантов укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

What new parts did Ivan Kulibin’s human-pedalled carriage have?

1. It had a flywheel, brake.

2. It had a flywheel, brake, gearbox, and bearing.

It had only a gearbox, and bearing

Вариант 3

Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s (-es), и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

16. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

17. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

18. признаком притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

11. The use of cast iron plates as rails began in the 1760s.

12. Railway transport continues to be the safest means of transport in the world.

13. The results of scientists’ experiments were published in 2009.

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных существительными.

10. Henry Royce was a famous car engineer.

11. In the industrial revolution the first steam ships were invented.

12. They estimate the transportation needs of the public.

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

11. Bicycle is one of the most fashionable means of transport in Europe.

12. My composition is not as long as yours.

13. Which country is larger: the United States or Canada?

Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных, отрицательных и указательных местоимений.

4. These systems, which made use of the steam locomotive, were the first practical form of

mechanized land transport.

5. Some people are terribly scared by travelling by train.

6. The electric train can develop speed no less than 300 km/hour.

Задание 5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глагола и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

10. Motor transport began to spread in Europe very rapidly.

11. This Motor car club specializes in rare car models.

12. In future people will ride in remote-controlled electronic cars.

13. N. Otto introduced the four-stroke cycle of motor operation.

Задание 6. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий текст.

Forms of green transport

Walking, or ambulation, is the main form of animal locomotion on land, distinguished from running and crawling. The word walk is descended from the Old English wealcan "to roll".

11. Bicycling, also called cycling or biking, is the use of bicycles as a means of transport, a form of recreation, or a sport. It is done on roads and paths, across open country or even over snow and ice (icebiking).

12. A green vehicle is one that is significantly less harmful to the environment than comparable conventional vehicles. Certain green vehicles may provide a way of sustainable transport.

13. Green Vehicles also include:

14. Solar battery vehicles are electric vehicles powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Solar battery vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies.

15. Wind-powered electric vehicles primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel.

16. Electric cars are alternative fuel cars that use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines .

17. Hybrid vehicles use two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.

18. Electric trains and electric buses are forms of green transport categorized as public transport.

Задание 7. Прочитайте предпоследний абзац текста и дайте письменный ответ на следующий вопрос.

How many power sources do hybrid vehicle