- •Basic sound table
- •Bisyllabic clusters
- •The use of accented vowels in common spelling
- •Types of accent used in italian spelling
- •Instead, not all fonts have capital (uppercase) accented letters; Times New Roman and Arial fonts, among the most commonly used, have the following codes: try them out.
- •Very few words have this ending, but the rule is the same as for similar cases discussed above: vowel I is kept in both masculine and feminine plurals.
- •Indefinite articles
- •Indefinite articles used as pronouns
- •Combining articles with noun-adjective and adjective-noun
- •Fractions
- •Indicativo (indicative)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •Vedere (to see)
- •Presente
- •Imperfetto
- •Passato remoto
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •If you are in doubt, use the unbound form which is correct in both cases:
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as subjects
- •Possessive adjectives and pronouns used as objects or copulas
- •Interrogative form
- •Negative form
- •Questo (this) - quello (that)
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Important note
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Note accented vowels are used to mark the accent (stress) in verbs of the 2nd conjugation, but remember that they are not used in common spelling
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case, the English past perfect corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •In this case the English compound tense corresponds more or less precisely to the Italian tense:
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •Passato prossimo
- •Trapassato prossimo
- •Trapassato remoto
- •Futuro anteriore
- •The days of the week
- •Seasons
- •Italian also has adjectives referring to each season:
- •Centuries
- •Fractions of the hour
- •Mezzogiorno, la mezza, mezzanotte
- •Adverbs prima, dopo, durante
- •Gender and number of past participle
- •Auxiliary verbs used in reflexive forms
- •Congiuntivo presente (present subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo imperfetto (past subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo passato (perfect subjunctive)
- •Congiuntivo trapassato (pluperfect subjunctive)
- •Condizionale presente
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand)
- •Condizionale passato
- •1St conjugation - domandare (to ask - transitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - perdere (to lose - transitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - capire (to understand - transitive)
- •1St conjugation - stare (to stay, to remain - intransitive)
- •2Nd conjugation - cadere (to fall - intransitive)
- •3Rd conjugation - uscire (to go out, to come out - intransitive)
- •Imperativo essere
- •1St conjugation - pensare (to think)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendere (to take)
- •3Rd conjugation - sentire (to feel)
- •1St conjugation - mangiarsi (to eat, to eat up, to have food)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendersi (to take, to choose, to have as a choice)
- •3Rd conjugation - vestirsi (to get dressed, to dress up as a choice)
- •2Nd conjugation - prendermi (to catch me, or to take for me, to fetch me)
- •219 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.Franklang.Ru
Passato remoto
This tense is always partially irregular: changes do not occur in inflections, but in the roots of 1st singular, 3rd singular and 3rd plural persons:
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
chiesi |
I talked |
|
chiedemmo |
we talked |
2nd person |
|
chiedesti |
you talked (singular) |
|
chiedeste |
you talked (plural) |
3rd person |
|
chiese |
he/she/it talked |
|
chiesero |
they talked |
The first evident difference is the change of root; as a general rule, 1st and 3rd singular and 3rd plural persons have a different root than the others (which keep the original one); obviously, the new root is the same for all three persons. In this case, the normal root chied... has turned into chies..., and for many other verbs the change is similar: the last consonant turns into s. But for some verbs the change is more consistant (past perfect might be a nightmare for beginners, and a real test for well-taught Italian speakers). This is why, in common speech, many Italians too often prefer to use the present perfect tense (a compound tense, discussed in a further paragraph) instead of past perfect, although this choice would be considered slightly incorrect. The second important difference with the same tense of the 1st conjugation is that no inflections have an accent on the last syllable (no one ends with an accented vowel). Despite the change of root, though, all inflections are regular and do not change.
This is an example of how other verbs behave, according to the "simple" rule:
chiudere (to close)
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
chiusi |
I closed |
|
chiudemmo |
we closed |
2nd person |
|
chiudesti |
you closed (singular) |
|
chiudeste |
you closed (plural) |
3rd person |
|
chiuse |
he/she/it closed |
|
chiusero |
they closed |
risolvere (to solve)
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
risolsi |
I solved |
|
risolvemmo |
we solved |
2nd person |
|
risolvesti |
you solved (singular) |
|
risolveste |
you solved (plural) |
3rd person |
|
risolse |
he/she/it solved |
|
risolsero |
they solved |
spingere (to see)
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
spinsi |
I pushed |
|
spingemmo |
we pushed |
2nd person |
|
spingesti |
you pushed (singular) |
|
spingeste |
you pushed (plural) |
3rd person |
|
spinse |
he/she/it pushed |
|
spinsero |
they pushed |
ridere (to laugh)
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
risi |
I laughed |
|
ridemmo |
we laughed |
2nd person |
|
ridesti |
you laughed (singular) |
|
rideste |
you laughed (plural) |
3rd person |
|
rise |
he/she laughed |
|
risero |
they laughed |
But here are some others whose root changes more evidently:
prendere (to take)
|
|
singular |
|
|
plural |
|
1st person |
|
presi |
I took |
|
prendemmo |
we took |
2nd person |
|
prendesti |
you took (singular) |
|
prendeste |
you took (plural) |
3rd person |
|
prese |
he/she/it took |
|
presero |
they took |