1. How were the new states admitted to the Union in the 19th cen tury?

"New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress."

1. Why did the patterns of living and settlement in the first western frontier states have much in common with original colonies?

Enormous popular attention in the media focuses on the Western United States in the second half of the 19th century, a period sometimes called the Old West, or the Wild West, frequently exaggerating the romance and violence of the period. The American Frontier comprises the geography, history, folklore, and cultural expression of life in the forward wave of American expansion that began with English colonial settlements in the early 17th century and ended with the admission of the last mainland territories as states in 1912. "Frontier" refers to a contrasting region at the edge of a European-American line of settlement. 

3.Why was it important to maintain an equal number of free and slave states in the Union?

 With an equal number of slave states and free states, the Senate was equally divided on issues important to the South. As the population of the free states began to outstrip the population of the slave states, leading to control of the House of Representatives by free states, the Senate became the preoccupation of slave state politicians interested in maintaining a Congressional veto over federal policy in regard to slavery and other issues important to the South.

4. What scheme of admission did the Missouri compromise pro vide?

After the Senate and the House passed different bills and deadlock threatened, a compromise bill was worked out with the following provisions: (1) Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) as free, and (2) except for Missouri, slavery was to be excluded from the Louisiana Purchase lands north of latitude 36°30′.

5. What were the main differences between the North and South?

During the Civil War the North and the South had some advantages that were helpful to their part of the country.  The North produced three-fourths of the nation's wealth. They had a bigger army including thousands of black soldiers. The North also had better equipment and supplies to fight the war.  The South had some advantages too. Most of the war was fought on Southern territory so soldiers did not have to travel so far.  The South had better generals. Like Robert E. Lee and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. The South also grew cotton, which Europe needed.

6.What were the major steps leading to the war in the usa?

While many still debate the ultimate causes of the Civil War, Pulitzer Prize-winning author James McPherson writes that, "The Civil War started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave states over the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in the territories that had not yet become states. When Abraham Lincoln won election in 1860 as the first Republican president on a platform pledging to keep slavery out of the territories, seven slave states in the deep South seceded and formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America. The incoming Lincoln administration and most of the Northern people refused to recognize the legitimacy of secession. They feared that it would discredit democracy and create a fatal precedent that would eventually fragment the no-longer United States into several small, squabbling countries."

7. How did the Civil War start?

The war began when the Confederates bombarded Union soldiers at Fort Sumter, South Carolina on April 12, 1861. The war ended in Spring, 1865. Robert E. Lee surrendered the last major Confederate army to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. The last battle was fought at Palmito Ranch, Texas, on May 13, 1865.

8.What were the major battles of the Civil War?

Gettysburg--51,000 casualties

Chickamauga--34,624 casualties

Spotsylvania--30,000 casualties

The Wilderness--29,800 casualties

Chancellorsville--24,000 casualties

Shiloh--23,746 casualties

Stones River--23,515 casualties

Antietam--22,717 casualties

Second Manassas--22,180 casualties

Vicksburg--19,233 casualties

9. How was slavery in the USA abolished?

Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, and said that a final proclamation would be issued if his gradual plan, based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization, was rejected. Only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln's gradual plan, and Lincoln issued his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863.

10. what were the main points of Lincoln's plan of the Reconstruc tion?

Lincoln’s blueprint for Reconstruction included the Ten-Percent Plan,which specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an oath of allegiance to the Union. Voters could then elect delegates to draft revised state constitutions and establish new state governments.

11. What were the main steps of the Congressional Reconstruction?

Their plan, called Wade-Davis Bill, required 50% of registered voters as of 1860 to pledge allegiance to the Union. In addition, those who wished to vote or help govern in those states had to swear they had never supported the Confederacy voluntarily. The states had to abolish slavery and repudiate their debts and their acts of secession.

12. Did the Congressional Reconstruction settle the problems of the South?

The Southern economy had been ruined by the war. Railroad mileage was located mostly in rural areas and over two-thirds of the South's rails, bridges, rail yards, repair shops and rolling stock were in areas reached by Union armies, which systematically destroyed what they could.

13. Why did the Reconstruction fail?

The Compromise of 1876 and the removal of federal troops from the South by order of President Rutherford B. Hayes on May 1, 1877 ended Reconstruction. Reconstruction was the time between 1865 and 1877 when the federal government set the laws in which the southern states were allowed to be readmitted back into the United States. All former Confederate states were admitted back into the country by 1870.

 Task 17. Vocabulary development. State the meaning of the following derivatives and fill in the gaps.

1) cede, secede, secession, secessionist

1. In 1860–1861, after Abraham Lincoln was elected President, seven southern states seceded from the Union.

1. Almost everyone in the North supported the war against the secessionist

in the South.

3. Florida was ceded, to the United States after the war.

4. Lincoln's election resulted in secession from the Union.

2) recruit, recruitment

1. During the war all young men were recruitment to the army.

2. He worked as a recruit officer.

3) abolish, abolition, abolitionist

a) abolitionist in the North supported abolition of slavery.

b) Southern planters claimed that slavery could not be abolish .

4) assassin, assassinate, assassination

1. Today the risk of assassination has been reduced by modern security sys tems.

1. Abraham Lincoln's assassin was a Virginian actor John Wilkes

Booth.

c)-Unfortunately Lincoln did not become the last American president to be assassinated .

5) vindictive, vindictiveness, unvindictive

a) Lincoln devised an vindictive plan of Reconstruction.

b) unvindictive people are usually unwilling to forgive.

c) Southerners did not expect northern authority to act with such vindictiveness

6) curb (n, v)

a) curb(n) means a control or limit of something which is not desir able.

b) He tried curb (v) his bad temper.

7) tenant, tenancy

a) After the Civil War all former slaves became tenant farmers.

b) tenancy is the right to use land or live in a building on payment of

rent.

Task 18. Speak about the tendencies of industrial society using the conjunctions so, that's why, because of, after etc.

Great involvement of work force in manufacturing creates large well-organized factories that's why, profits from manufacturing are invested into applied science and technical innovations, transportation (railroad network) and communication network (telegraph and telephone).After growth of production increases capital accumulation and narrow specialization in all forms of economic activities because of new manufactories with narrow specialization appear. So, need for working force promotes rapid population increase and growth of the cities.

Task 19. Answer the following questions.