Контрольная работа № 3

Изучите следующие разделы грамматики по учебнику:

1. Видо-временные формы глагола. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice)– формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); Continuous (Present, Past); Perfect (Present, Past, Future). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

2. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.

3. Неопределенная форма глагола (The Infinitive): простые и сложные формы (Passive, Perfect). Функции в предложении: а) подлежащего, б) части сказуемого, в) дополнения, г) определения, д) обстоятельства.

4. Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

5. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one, it.

6. Различные значения слов: as, because, because of, due to, for, since, both … and, either … or, neither … nor.

Вариант I

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого, укажите инфинитив. Переведите предложения.

1. The sets of instructions that tell the computer what to do with the data are called programs.

2. When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published.

3. Methods of treating metals are being developed to meet engineering requirements.

4. The report will be followed by a discussion.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. This material does not possess elastic properties.

2. The engineers are to study the problem of using cosmic rays.

3. Man had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the sun.

4. Students do a lot of research work when they are at the institute.

3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. Computer systems are nothing without trained people to plan and oversee their operation.

2. The heat to melt the metal cannot be supplied instantaneously by the flame.

3. To increase the productivity of this flexible manufacturing equipment scientists had to make numerous experiments.

4. The purpose of lubrication is to reduce friction and wear in the engine to the minimum.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. The engineers supposed the parts of the machine to have been replaced.

2. They wanted this design to be completed as soon as possible.

3. Lasers are known to have found application in many branches of industry.

4. The computer is expected to save the scientists a lot of time.

5. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов that, one, it.

1. One must realize that all jobs are essential to society.

2. It is water that is the most common thing in our life.

3. One should agree that that experiment was of great importance for our research.

4. It was in 1869 that Mendeleyev arranged the elements in the form of a table.

VI. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая

внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. We mounted the lathe as it was shown in the instruction book.

2. He explained to us what the alloy is used for.

3. Since these wheels are mounted on the common axle, they rotate at the same speed.

4. Neither plastics nor metals have all the desirable properties that the engineer looks for.

VII. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Machine Tools

Metal undergoes a number of processes before it is formed into the required shape: casting (1), rolling (2), welding (3), piercing (4), trimming (5), spinning (6), bending (7), drawing (8), etc. The machines which perform all these kinds of work are called machine-tools. Machine-tools are stationary power-driven machines used to shape or form solid materials, especially metals. Machine tools form the basis of modern industry.

Machine tools may be classified under three main categories: conventional chip-making machine-tools, presses, and unconventional machine-tools. Conventional chip-making tools shape the workpiece by cutting away the unwanted portion in the form of chips. Presses employ a number of different shaping processes, including shearing (9), pressing, or drawing (elongating).

Unconventional machine-tools employ light, electrical, chemical, and sonic energy; superheated gases; and high-energy particle beams to shape the exotic materials and alloys that have been developed to meet the needs of modern technology.

Cutting is one of the oldest arts practised in the stone age, but the cutting of metals was not found possible until the 18^th century, and its detailed study started about a hundred years ago. Modern machine-tools date from about 1775, when the English inventor John Wilkinson constructed a horizontal boring machine for producing internal cylindrical surfaces. About 1794 Henry Maudslay developed the first engine lathe. Later, Joseph Whitworth developed measuring instruments accurate to a millionth of an inch. His work was of great value because precise methods of measurement were necessary for the subsequent mass production of articles having interchangeable (10) parts.

During the 19^th century, such standard machine-tools as lathes, shapers (11), planers (12), grinders, and saws, as well as milling, drilling, and boring machines reached a high degree of precision, and their use became widespread in the industrializing nations.

Nowadays all machining operations are done more accurately and faster owing to the automation of all the production processes. Numerically controlled machine tools (13) (NC) and flexible manufacturing systems (14) (FMS) have made it possible to do the work automatically. The operator only watches them and corrects them whenever they go wrong.

Most machining operations generate large amounts of heat and use cooling fluids (usually a mixture of water and oils) for cooling and lubrication. Cooling increases tool life and helps to stabilize the size of the finished part. Lubrication reduces friction.

Most materials and their alloys can be machined – some with ease, others with difficulty. Machinability (15) involves three factors: 1. Ease of chip removal. 2. Ease of obtaining a good surface finish. 3. Ease of obtaining good tool life.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. casting – отливка

2. rolling – прокат

3. welding – сварка

4. piercing – прохождение отверстия

5. trimming – обрезка

6. spinning – выдавливание

7. bending – сгибание

8. drawing – вытягивание

9. shearing – срезание

10. interchangeable – взаимозаменяемый

11. a shaper – поперечно-строгальный станок

12. a planer – продольно-строгальный станок

13. NC machine-tools – станки с ЧПУ

14. Flexible manufacturing systems – гибкие автоматизированные производственные системы

15. machinability – способность подвергаться механической обработке

VIII. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:

1. What are the main metal-processing operations?

2. What are the three main categories of machine-tools?

3. When was the first machine-tool constructed?

4. What are unconventional machine-tools?