Вариант III

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; определите по грамматическим

признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные

окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е.

служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица ед. числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком мн. числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. A new system enables researchers to carry out complicated tests.

2. The Internet, a global web of computer connections, uses various networks to

deliver texts, sound and images.

3. Our lecturer’s book on strength of materials is well-known and popular.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая

внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений,

выраженных именем существительным.

1. Mass production refers to manufacturing process with an assembly line.

2. Most castings (отливки) serve as details or component parts of complex

machines and products.

3. Internal combustion engines (двигатели внутреннего сгорания) use

petroleum as fuel.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы

сравнения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Automatic devices make labour safer and easier.

2. It is necessary to use the latest means of control in industry.

3. The stronger the magnet, the greater the distance through which it acts.

4. When Mars is at its greatest distance from the Earth it is nearly as bright as

the Polar Star.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык, обращая

внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. The experiment added nothing new to our knowledge of the properties of this

substance.

2. Any scientist realizes the importance of this invention.

3. Somebody told me that many specialists wanted to take part in this research.

4. The researcher measures everything with a great degree of accuracy.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-

временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите

предложения на русский язык.

1. There were not many changes in the properties of the substance.

2. We use metals for a variety of engineering purposes.

3. The life of the machine-tool will depend on the care of the operator.

VI. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Four Industrial Revolutions

Mechanical engineering (1) is the most general of the engineering (2) disciplines. It is connected with mechanisms, machines and energy conversions. The history of mechanical engineering goes back to the time when the man first tried to make machines. We call the earlier rollers, levers (3) and pulleys (4) the work of mechanical engineering. People used slave labour to construct and operate the great engineering works of ancient times. During the Middle Ages people began to seek devices and methods of work that were more efficient and humane. Wind, water and some animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices.

Mechanical engineering, as we understand it today, starts from the first Industrial Revolution. The first Industrial Revolution took place in England between 1760 and 1840. Metal became the main material of the engineer instead of wood, and steam gave man great reserves of power. This power drove railway engines and ships. James Watt was the key figure (5) in the early development of steam engines. He devised (6) the concept of horsepower (7) to calculate the amount of work his machines performed.

In the second Industrial Revolution, from 1880 to 1920, electricity was the main technical force. It provided power for factories that was easier and cheaper to control than steam. At that period such new industries as chemical and electrical engineering, as well as production methods such as semi-automatic (8) assembly lines appeared. In the 19^th century the engineers began to combine scientific research and practical application of its results on a vast scale (9).

The third Industrial Revolution coincided with the advent (10) of automation. The first stage of automation – mechanization, or the use of machines to do the work of animals or people, was introduced into all manufacturing processes (11). There are six basic kinds of mechanization. Classification depends on whether machines, or combination of animals and people, are responsible for the three main elements that occur in every type of activity – power, action and control.

Around the middle of the last century there occured a great scientific invention in the world. The electronic computer influenced all spheres of life. We can’t imagine our life without computers.

What is the fourth Industrial Revolution? It will be characterized by automated machines that are versatile and programmable. The machines will perform work according to different sets of computer instructions. It will be characterized by flexible, automated machinery, the most interesting example of which are robots. Now we are entering the fourth Industrial Revolution.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. mechanical engineering - машиностроение

2. engineering - техника, конструирование машин, машиностроение,

инженерное дело, строительство

3. lever - рычаг

4. pulley - шкиф, блок, ролик

5. the key figure - ключевая фигура

6. to devise - изобретать

7. horsepower - лошадиная сила

8. semi-automatic - полуавтоматические сборочные линии

9. on a vast scale - в большом масштабе

10. advent - приход, появление

11. manufacturing process - производственный процесс

VII. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What does mechanical engineering deal with?

2. What are the main features of the first Industrial Revolution?

3. What were the second and the third Industrial Revolutions marked by?

4. What will the fourth Industrial Revolution be characterized by?