Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale’s parents were rich English land owners. Florence was born in Florence, Italy on 12 May 1820. Her parents named her after the city where she was born. Victorian women didn’t usually go to school but Florence’s father believed that women should get an education so he taught Florence and her older sister at home. they learned Italian, Latin, Greek, history and maths.  As Florence grew up, she became interested in social problems. when she was twelve years old, she decided she wanted to do something useful with her life. She enjoyed visiting sick people in her neighbourhood. Florence was extraordinary because most Victorian middle-class women didn’t have careers but Florence wanted to become a nurse. Her parents didn’t want her to become a nurse because nurses were usually working-class women. In fact, they didn’t want Florence to work at all, they wanted her to get married. However, her parents’ disapproval didn’t stop Florence doing what she wanted. Florence went to Germany to learn about nursing. at that time nurses learned through experience, not through training. Florence looked after sick people, gave medicine out and helped during operations. She was very happy and she explained why: “we learned to think of our work, not ourselves.” In 1854, Britain entered the Crimean war. Florence and a team of 38 nurses went to the Crimea to help the wounded soldiers. The military hospitals were dirty and badly organized. Florence made the hospitals clean and safe. The number of deaths in hospitals went down from 40% to 2%. Florence was kind and gentle with the soldiers. When she walked around the hospital at night she carried a lamp and that’s how she got the nickname “the Lady with the Lamp.” After the war people from all over the world asked for her advice on designing hospitals. Florence thought nurses should learn through both experience and training. In 1860, she opened her training school for nurses. Today the Nightingale nurses still care for the sick and the poor.

1. What have you learnt about Florence’s parents?

A                     They were Italian citizens. B                     They gave education to their children. C                     They learned Italian, Latin, Greek, history and maths.

2. How was Florence different from most other women of her time?

A                     She wanted to be in work. B                     Her parents didn’t allow her to work. C                     She wanted to do something useful in her life.

3. How did Florence begin her career?

A                     She studied to be a nurse in Germany. B                     She was working with her parents. C                     She learned the nursing skills when she cared for the sick.

4. She gave medicine out in lines 15-16 means

A                     She brought medicine to a number of people. B                     She took medicine out of the hospital.  C                     She made medicine for the sick.

5. How did Florence change hospitals?

A                     The number of patients went down. B                     She set higher standards for hospitals. C                     She put lamps everywhere in hospitals.

21

True/False/Unstated  (верно / не верно/в тексте не сказано) – один из видов тестовых заданий, предполагающих альтернативный выбор варианта ответа.

1. Прочитайте внимательно задание.

2. Познакомьтесь с содержанием контрольных вопросов. Если тест проводится на основе прочитанного или услышанного текста то, как правило, контрольные вопросы даются в том же порядке, что и информация в тексте.

3. Выполняя тест на основе прочитанного или услышанного текста, не опирайтесь на свои личные знания по данной проблеме. Информация в предложенном тексте не всегда может соответствовать вашему опыту и знаниям. Задание следует выполнять относительно предложенной информации.

Reading Comprehension Here is some information about pandas. Read the information and the statements below and circle T if the statement is true, F if the statement is false or U (unstated) if there is no such information in the text.

   So rare is the giant panda that today there are thought to be only about 1000 individuals in the entire world. It is listed as an endangered species and has been seen in the wild only in the mountains of central China and eastern Tibet.            The name panda applies to either of two East Asian animals. Although they are sometimes considered to be relative, the giant panda is generally classified as a bear, and the lesser panda, also called the red, or common panda, is placed in the raccoon family.    The giant panda is about 4 to 5 feet (1.2 to 1.5 meters) long from the tip of its nose to its rump, and it has a stubby tail. Adults weigh about 165 to 350 pounds (75 to 160 kilograms). They have a thick, woolly, white coat with black fur on the legs and ears. The animals are distinguished by black eye patches and a black band across the shoulders.    Giant pandas usually live alone in bamboo forests. They are mainly ground dwellers, using hollow trees, or rock crevices for shelter, but they can climb the trees as well. The giant panda feeds chiefly on bamboo shoots and roots, grasping the slender stems with the aid of a special tomblike structure on its front feet. They sometimes eat small animals.    Giant pandas are popular zoo animals, but they are extremely difficult to breed. In 1980 there were about 40 in captivity in China and about 13 in other countries. Su-Lin, first of the very few giant pandas to be exhibited in the West, reached the United States as an infant in 1936 and was a popular attraction at the Brookfield Zoo, near Chicago, III., until his death in 1938. In April 1972 the Chinese government sent two others, a male and a female, to the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.    The lesser panda is found in China, Myanmar, Sikkim, and Nepal in high mountain forests and bamboo thickets. Because of its unusual catlike appearance, it is sometimes called a bear cat, or cat bear. The long, soft coat hairs are rusty red to dark chestnut. The face and ears are mostly white, but the backs of the ears are reddish brown.    The pandas travel in pairs or small family groups. Lesser pandas are known for their generally mild disposition. During the day this panda sleeps curled up in a tree with tail over its head or sitting on a limb with its head tucked under its chest and between its forelegs. It feeds at night, eating bamboo sprouts, grasses, fruits, other plant material, and, occasionally, small animals.           

1) The giant panda should be protected.          T – F - U

2) Two pandas are of different families.            T –F - U

3) Red pandas live together with raccoons.                  T – F - U

4) Giant pandas live in the holes in the ground.             T – F - U

5) It is not easy to grow pandas in the zoo.                  T – F - U

6) There is special panda attraction in Chicago.            T – F - U

7) Su-Lin died in the zoo, because of his illness.           T-F - U

8) Pandas are night animals.                                        T – F - U

9) Some pandas look like raccoons, others have unusual catlike appearance. T – F - U

10) Giant pandas and lesser pandas sleep in a different way. T – F - U

22

Writing

 

Одним из критериев оценки письменного задания является оценка соответствия использованной в задании лексики, поставленной задаче. Выбор лексики при написании письма определяется и стилем письма. В данном случае письмо официальное. Поэтому необходимо выбирать фразы, подходящие для официального стиля.

 

Fill in the gaps in the letter of application with the suitable phrases from the box. There are extra ones.

Best wishes.                 Dear                decided            Hello                make              

I look forward to hearing from you                              prepare            took it into my head

want                Write back soon.         would like        Yours sincerely,

 

(1)_______ Mr Jackson

 

I (2)_______ to apply for the position of kitchen assistant, which was advertised in the Springfield Chronicle on 11 October.

I (3)_________ to choose a career in cooking after a summer holiday job in a local restaurant. I am studying a GNVQ in Hospitality and Catering. My long-term ambition is to be a chef.

I enjoy cooking and usually (4)____ one or two family meals every week. I like trying new recipes and would enjoy learning new kitchen skills.

(5)_______

(6)________

 

Emma Thompson

23

Writing

In which kind of letters the following phrases may be used? Divide into two groups.

a personal letter                    an official letter

I was responsible for …                       This job would offer me … Do you think you could …                   I succeeded in … Best wishes.                             You have a part-time job, don’t you? How are you?                          Love, … I am writing to apply for … .     I have two year’s experience working with children. I can’t wait to hear from you.               I have so much to tell you. I hope to hear from you in the near future. I would be happy to come to an interview ….

24

USE OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR/VOCABULARY В задании на выбор лексической единицы обязательно проверяется знание фразовых глаголов. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using an appropriate form of the words in the box. There is one extra verb.

get on well with            get around to    get off              get on get out get ready          get to               get together      get up

1. The next morning he rose early. The next morning he ________ early. 2. She spends a lot of time preparing for the party. She spends a lot of time ___________ for the party. 3. They don’t interact in a friendly way with each other. They don’t ________________________ each other. 4. She couldn’t find time to start her homework until eight o’clock.. She couldn’t _______ doing homework until eight o’clock.  5. When can we have a party and dance? When can we _______________ for a dance? 6. The door locked and I couldn’t leave the room. The door locked and I couldn’t __________ of the room. 7. The talk stopped when they reached that point. The talk stopped when they __________ that point. 8. Excuse me, I have to leave the bus at the next stop. Excuse me, I have to ________________ at the next stop.

25

USE OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR/VOCABULARY Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, данные справа после номеров (1- 9) так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы (1-9).

Night Watch is a (1) ________ attempt to make a Hollywood-like blockbuster. To film something like Matrix. As for the visuals, they have (2) ________ succeeded. I’m (3) _______ impressed __________with visuals, storyline and (4) _____________. Overall, the movie is dark and (5) __________. It is based on three (6) _________ books, which means it has a fine script and idea to offer, but it also means that the movie has to explain the (7) _________problems behind the book here and there, which sometimes makes it a bit slower than an average (8) _______ blockbuster. The movie is not dumb, and it is not (9)________, though it is not a non-stop action either. If you like to see good visuals in movies, and have nothing against stories about people that have (10) _________ powers, witches, vampires and so on, I'd recommend you to see this movie, there's no reason for you not to like it!

(1) RUSSIA (2) ABSOLUTE (3) REAL (4) ACT (5) REAL (6) FAME (7) philosophy (8) AMERICA (9) BORE (10) NATURE

Готовимся к ЕГЭ – 25

USE OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR/VOCABULARY Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, данные справа после номеров (1- 9) так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы (1-9).

Night Watch is a (1) ________ attempt to make a Hollywood-like blockbuster. To film something like Matrix. As for the visuals, they have (2) ________ succeeded. I’m (3) _______ impressed __________with visuals, storyline and (4) _____________. Overall, the movie is dark and (5) __________. It is based on three (6) _________ books, which means it has a fine script and idea to offer, but it also means that the movie has to explain the (7) _________problems behind the book here and there, which sometimes makes it a bit slower than an average (8) _______ blockbuster. The movie is not dumb, and it is not (9)________, though it is not a non-stop action either. If you like to see good visuals in movies, and have nothing against stories about people that have (10) _________ powers, witches, vampires and so on, I'd recommend you to see this movie, there's no reason for you not to like it!

(1) RUSSIA (2) ABSOLUTE (3) REAL (4) ACT (5) REAL (6) FAME (7) philosophy (8) AMERICA (9) BORE (10) NATURE

 26

USE OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR/VOCABULARY  В задании на выбор лексической единицы обязательно проверяется знание фразовых глаголов. Fill in the webs with the words from the boxes and translate these phrasal verbs.

1)

• at six o’clock in the morning

• doing my homework 

• in life   

• with my sister

get up _______________ get on __________________ get on ___________________  get around to _________________________

2)

• a friend for help

• late

• to be a success the computer 

• the TV

turn on ______________ turn off ______________ turn up ______________ turn up ______________ turn out ______________

3)

• the unknown word

• new methods of raising money  all my papers

• my holidays               

• my pen

look out for ________________ look up ________________ look through ________________ look forward to ________________ look for ________________

27

USE OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR/VOCABULARY Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, данные справа после номеров (1- 13) так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы (1-13).

The (0) introduction of citizenship lessons in schools is an attempt to help young people understand what it means to be a member of (1)______________ society. A democracy is a system that relies on the (2)__________ and (3)___________ of everyone. The idea of the new school subject is that teenagers are given a chance to learn about (4)____________ system. It is not (5)____________ sitting in a classroom learning facts about voting systems. There are many opportunities to teach citizenship. In business studies, for example, students learn about how the (6)___________ economy functions. History lessons are an ideal place to learn about the modern and ancient (7)__________ systems. Religious (8)__________ lessons help to learn what human rights mean. British teenagers learn about (9)____________ problems in geography lessons. Some schools have arranged fund-raising events for (10)______________ charities. The pupils of one school in London have been working on the project exploring the problems of (11)___________ both in school and in society. The number of (12)________ behaved pupils has dropped. As pupils commented, citizenship lessons give them a chance to experience (13)____________.

INTRODUCE   (1) DEMOCRACY (2) INVOLVE (3) RESPONSIBLE (4) VOTE (5) SIMPLE (6) NATION (7) POLICY (8) EDUCATE (9) ENVIRONMENT (10) NATION (11) DISCRIMINATE (12) BAD (13) PARTICIPATE

28

USE OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR/VOCABULARY

Прочитайте о фильме X-Men: The Last Stand. Для вопросов 1-12 выберите подходящий ответ A, B или C. Обратите внимание на пример (0).

Humans (0) have found a cure to the mutant gene. This means for (1) _______ time, every mutant has a choice to (2) ________ stay as they are or become human again.  This (3) _______ an epic battle between Professor X's X-Men and Magneto's Brotherhood. The cure is a young boy called Leech (4) ______ blood can reverse the mutant effect. Magneto goes all out to kill Leech and destroy hopes of humans and mutants living together (5) _________. To make things (6) _______ for the X-Men, Jean Grey returns from the dead, but no-one knows whether she (7) ________ for good or evil. This film (8) ________ new cool characters like Angel, Beast and Juggernaut. But it's returning characters Wolverine and Storm (9)  ______ are the stars of the show, as the future of Professor X's school, remains in their hands. (10) _______, bу prepared to see the end of some very popular mutants. There were a lot of funny moments i(11) ________ when Wolverine makes fun of Beast having more hair than him. For special effects fans there is a great fight scene (12) _________of the film, when we get to see all the characters show off their skills.

0.	A. have found	B. have known	C. knew
1.	A. once	B. first	C. the first
2.	A. neither	B. either	C. rather
3.	A. suggests	B. makes	C. creates
4.	A. whose	B. which	C. the
5.	A. happy	B. peacefully	C. peaceful
6.	A. worst	B. bad	C. worse
7.	A. will fight	B. struggles	C. will support
8.	A. introduces	B. meets	C. gets acquainted with
9.	A. which	B. who	C. they
10.	A. However	B. Moreover	C. Although
11.	A. including	B. filling in	C. inside
12.	A. in the end	B. at the finish	C. at the end.

29

USE OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR/VOCABULARY

Here are some opinions about the film X-Men: The Last Stand. For questions 1- 12 read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.

I thought it was excellent - better than the other two - the best film I've (0) seen.

I (1) ___________ the film was brilliant. It had excellent fight (2) _________ and a good plot. Is there going to be (3) ________ X-Men movie?

I think this film was great, the (4) _________effects were fantastic from the beginning to the (5) ____. All the new (6) ________ like Beast, Juggernaut etc. were great.

I thought this X-Men was the best one yet. I (7) _____ that Wolverine could have saved Jean Grey in another way. I (8) _____ loved how Storm had a bigger role in this one.

I hated it! I (9) _________ waited for this movie for a year and I was really disappointed! The film was too messy and there (10) _________ too many characters!

30 

USE OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR/VOCABULARY

Fill in the gaps with speak, talk, say or tell in the correct verb form. There is an example at the beginning (0).

(0) You’d better speak to me before making plans for the holidays.  1. She _____________ anything about her trip. 2. But her brother ______ us some amusing stories about their holidays. 3. All his friends trust him because he always ___________ the truth.  4. I couldn’t understand him as he ________ with a Lancashire accent. 5. Could you ____________ me the time, please? 6. The British are believed to _________about the weather all the time. 7. Wait a minute, please! I’d like ________________ to you.

31

USE OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR/VOCABULARY

For questions (1-16) read the text below. Look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick (?) on the line. If a line has a word which shouldn’t be there, write the word on the line. There are examples at the beginning (0 and 00).

0 had__ 00_V__ 1______ 2______ 3______ 4______ 5______ 6______ 7______ 8______ 9______ 10_____ 11_____ 12_____ 13_____ 14_____ 15_____ 16_____

John Logie Baird had produced the first television  pictures just eight years after the First World War. They were in black and white and were not very  "clear, but he had been proved that the principle  worked. Early sets were made in the years after Baird's breakthrough cost as much as a small car and not many were sold. Soon, though, his original  system was improved and in the 1936 Britain's first  regular TV programme went on the air. 'Here's Looking At You' was broadcast by the BBC from north London's Alexandra Palace studios twice in a day for a weekly budget of one thousand pounds. But Great Britain wasn't the only country that  producing programmes. Other European nations,  including Germany, were also involved in the early days of the television.  As, of course, was America — and it's there that the real TV revolution began after the World War Two.

32

READING COMPREHENSION

Read the article about text addiction. Fill in the gaps in the article (1-4) with the sentences (A-E) that have been removed from the article. One sentence is extra.

Задание предполагает восстановление пропущенных элементов текста (в данном случае – предложений), опираясь на логические и грамматические связи внутри текста.

Text 'addiction' on the increase. The Short Message Service (sms) dependence is a serious and real disease, which may be dangerous for your thinking abilities. Some teachers in Britain have started saying that texts are damaging your ability to use proper English. The epidemic passion for mobile phones in the world has brought in a fondness for SMS messages. Short Message Service has already become a part of the young culture. Professional psychologists already offer their services in connection with the SMS-mania.  (1)__________ British scientists from the Priory Clinic think that sending SMS has turned into a global mania. Doctors say that more and more people are addicted to sending text messages.  There are people in the Western society, who have become seriously addicted to texting their friends. (2)_____________ Specialists say that a big fan of SMS messages does not think of them as a way of communication. (3)______________ More importantly, an ill person may not even think that he has psychological problems.  Special help groups are being set up for text addicts, who send as many as 200 SMS messages every day.  Centres will be trying to cure texters in London, Hampshire and Glasgow.  German experts say that not less than 380 thousand Germans have the SMS addiction.  "There is no serious scientific research of the SMS phenomenon in Russia yet. A theory says that the virtual communication is increasing all over the world and people are losing the art of personal communication," Sergei Enikopolov from the Russian scientific center for psychological health said. "Operators are trying to "infect" people with the disease, with the help of the short message service. (4)____________ On the other hand, the texting communication replaces normal human contacts," he added.  The mobile market is developing very fast, which raises the numbers of those, who cannot live a day without an SMS message.  "Maybe it is not a disease, but it is a clear symptom of the fact that human communication is becoming difficult for people," Sergei Enikopolov said.

 

A. Sending an SMS may seem a good way to get rid of the feeling of loneliness. B. Little is known about this side of the mobile communication mania in Russia, although the SMS-addiction has already been studied in the West. C. They become a whole environment for such individuals. D. Psychologists say that mobile phones have generated a new epidemic in the whole world. E. Such people can spend hours, pressing buttons on their phones.