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Grammar

FUTURE TENSES

Simple future

Form: WILL + infinitive (without "to") for all persons (will do; will look).

Meaning: The action will happen in the future.

Adverbs of time: tomorrow; next week; soon; in a few days; in a year; in 2020.

Maria will go to Chicago next year.

We will be home after eight.

He will not tell her about it.

She won't go to the party with us.

They won't be able to help us.

Note: Preplanned actions

The verb "will" does not express a preplanned action. The present continuous (with adverbs referring to the future) is used instead of the simple future if it is necessary to show that future actions are preplanned. The phrase "be going to" is widely used in speech and writing to show preplanned future actions.

I'm visiting Anna tomorrow. I'm going to visit Anna tomorrow.

He's leaving on Tuesday. He's going to leave on Tuesday.

What are you doing tomorrow? What are you going to do tomorrow?

Note: Actions according to schedule

The simple present is used instead of the simple future for future actions according to schedule / timetable, usually about the work of public transportation, stores, cinema, etc.

Our plane departs at five tomorrow.

The train arrives late at night.

The bank opens at 10:00 a.m.

The concert starts in two hours.

She works next Saturday.

When do we start?

The same adverbs of time as those used with the simple future tense are used with preplanned actions and actions according to schedule.

Listening and speaking

  1. Listen to an audio on Dr Christine Goodall, Director of the charity Medics Against Violence, talking about violence as a cause of crime in Scotland.

  2. Reflective questions

What causes of crime does Dr Christine Goodall discuss?

What do you think the main causes of crime are? 

Read the extracts below and decide whether you are a collectivist or an Individualist.

Collectivists

Individualists 

What do 'collectivists' think?

  • Collectivists believe that if people commit crime because of wider issues – such as where they live, their family background and their occupation, for example. Collectivists think that if people are in work and are content with life, they will be less inclined to break the law. Collectivists would say that the government must tackle the social conditions which lead to crime – for example, better housing, employment opportunities and a more equal society to make crime less of an attraction.

What do 'individualists' think?

  • Individualists believe that if a person has chosen to commit a crime – it is exactly that – their choice. They think that if someone chooses to commit a crime, it is their responsibility and if caught, the individual should pay the consequences.

Individualists think that society needs clear rules and strict punishments to reduce criminal behaviour. Overall they believe that if punishments were stronger and the police and the courts had more powers, there would be less crime.

READING 1

Pre-reading Activities

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