1.1. Независимый и зависимый причастные обороты

Participle 1 и Participle 2 используется в причастных оборотах, которые имеют свои особенности. В английском языке причастный оборот может быть зависимым и независимым или самостоятельным.

В зависимом или простом причастном обороте действие, выраженное причастием, относится к лицу или предмету, которым обозначено подлежащее в предложении. На русский язык переводится деепричастным оборотом.

Having done his homework he listened to music. – Сделав домашнюю работу, он слушал музыку (сделав – деепричастие; подлежащее одно – он – и делал домашнюю работу и слушал музыку).

Независимый причастный оборот - это сочетание существительного в общем падеже (или местоимения в именительном падеже) с причастием, в котором существительное (или местоимение) выполняет роль подлежащего по отношению к причастию, не являясь подлежащим всего предложения. Независимый причастный оборот всегда отделяется запятой от остальной части предложения.

The weather being fine, the airplane started. – Так как погода была хорошая, самолет вылетел. (подлежащим глагола-сказуемого started является существительное the airplane, в то время как существительное the weather выполняет роль подлежащего только по отношению к причастию being).

Примечание. Независимый причастный оборот всегда отделяется запятой от остальной части предложения.

Независимый причастный оборот переводится на русский язык:

1) придаточным обстоятельственным предложением:

Weather permitting, the airplane starts early in the morning. – Если погода позволит, самолет вылетит рано утром.

2) простым предложением, входящим в состав сложноподчиненного предложения и вводимым союзами причем, а, и:

The article deals with microwaves, particular attention being paid to radio location. – Статья посвящена микроволнам, причем особое внимание уделено радиолокации.

3) простым предложением, входящим в состав сложносочиненного предложения путем бессоюзного соединения:

The first day after the holidays was very profitable, over one hundred bottles of mineral water being sold in the afternoon. – Первый день после праздников был очень прибыльным. Во второй половине дня продали более ста бутылок минеральной воды.

Упражнение 1

Замените придаточные предложения причастными оборотами.

Образец: All the people who live in this house are students. - All the people living in this house are students

1. The woman who is speaking now is our secretary.

2. As he thought that it was his brother at the window, Steve decided to open it.

3. You must have much practice when you are learning to speak a foreign language.

4. Since he knew who the man was, Robert was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him.

5. People who take books from the library must return them in time.

6. The young man who helps the professor in his experiments studies at my school.

7. When you speak English, pay attention to the order of words.

8. Be careful when you are crossing a street.

9. As the people were afraid of falling into a ditch, they felt their way about very carefully.

10. Since he needed some help, Peter decided to go to the neighbors' house.

Упражнение 2

Найдите причастный оборот и определите его тип (зависимый или независимый).

1.  The duty performed, he came home. 2.  Being tired he decided to go to bed. 3.  Having tested the new equipment they agreed to sign a contract. 4.  The carriage stopped, the horse's head hanging in the rain. 5.  Having reached the classroom she became the object of many questions. 6.  He stared at her, his smile disappearing. 7.  Turning slowly she went to her room. 8.  We saw three cars looking very small, the dust rising from the wheels. 9.  Well, all things considered, she had got through this ordeal very well. 10. Watching TV she forgot everything around her. 11. It being dark, I could not see anything on the stairs. 12. Knowing Japanese well she managed to negotiate with our foreign customers. 13. The last train having gone, we had to walk home. 14. While writing down her new novel she often used a dictionary. 15. My mother having fallen ill, I could not go to the concert.

Упражнение 3

Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.

1. The article translated, the young woman had nothing to do. 2. The door closed, he couldn’t enter the room. 3. The next morning, it being Sunday, they all went to church. 4. The hour being late, Ann went to bed. 5. There being a strong wind, the flight was put off. 6. The keys having been lost, the man couldn’t open the door. 7. Supper being over, they hurried home. 8. You can set your mind at ease, all being well. 9. Radio was invented in Russia, its inventor being the Russian scientist A.S. Popov. 10. Then they heard the noise of the plane, its shadow passing over the open glade.

Упражнение 4

Переведите текст, найдите в нем причастия и причастные обороты, определите их функцию.

Academy Award

The Academy Awards, informally known as The Oscars, are a set of awards given annually for excellence of cinematic achievements. The Oscar statuette is officially named the Academy Award of Merit. Organized and overseen by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), the awards are given each year at a formal ceremony.

The first awards were presented on May 16, 1929, at a private brunch at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honouring artists, directors and other personalities of the filmmaking industry of the time for their works during the 1927–1928 period.

The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. He having returned to Europe before the ceremony, the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier. The honoured professionals were awarded for all the work done in a certain category for the qualifying period; for example, Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period. Since the fourth ceremony the system changed, professionals being honoured for a specific performance in a single film.

Since 1950, the Oscar statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that neither winners nor their heirs may sell the statuettes without first offering to sell them back to the Academy for $1. A winner refusing to agree to this stipulation, the Academy keeps the statuette.

The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, most commonly in February or March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this. (The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast).

The Academy Awards is televised live across the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and gathers millions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world. The 2007 ceremony was watched by more than 40 million Americans.  The Academy has for several years claimed that the award show has up to a billion viewers internationally, but this has so far not been confirmed by any independent sources.