Basal ganglions.

They include 3 pair structures:

1. Neostriatum:

• caudate nucleus;

• putamen (shell).

2. Paleostriatum:

• globus pallidus.

3. Claustrum.

Neostriatum – participates in musculature tone regulation. Injury symptoms - hyperkineses:

• unarbitrary mimic reactions;

• atethosis (worms-like fingers movements);

• thremor;

• torsion spasm;

• chorea (extremities and trunk trembling like at non-coordinated dance);

• motor hyperactivity as non-purposeful transfer from place to place.

Caudate nucleus injury symptoms:

• at two-sided injury – striving for unrestrained movement forward;

• at one-sided injury – rotatory (so-called manege) movements.

Paleostriatum (globus pallidus) triggers oriented reaction and extremities movement.

Symptoms of its destruction:

• hypodynamy;

• face as a mask;

• head and extremities thremor which is enforced under rest state and is disappeared at movements;

• myoklonuses (myoklony) – separate muscular groups or separate arms, back, face fast fascillations;

• movement beginning becomes difficult;

• additional and reactive movements disappearence at standing up;

• convergent arms movements injuries at walking.

Claustrum - is linked with cortex and the biggest amount of subcortical structures. Patients can’t talk at its injury. At its stimulation orienting reactions appear:

• head turn;

• masticatory movements;

• swallowing movements;

• sometimes – vomiting.

Locomotion neuronal organization.

Thus, structures taking part into locomotions organization are located in all brain parts. They are interrelated one to another morphologically and functionally.

Motor functions regulatory levels:

1. Spinal - muscles state automatic regulation the simplest form is realized on this level.

2. Stem - regulates movements on descendant ways coming to spine.

3. Programmed (the highest, cortical).

All levels mentioned above may realize these functions both independently and with the help of other levels. Besides, every level may regulate muscular activity through spinal motoneurons both simultaneosely and paralelly. Thus, any muscular contraction may be caused by spine, stem structures and cortex. Different levels integrated participation allows to increase movements regulation reliability, their exact performance, locality, difficulty.

Every regulational level has feed-back connections about movement making from muscular system; every level sends command to spine motoneurons; at the same time it sends thy sygnal about command into other above-lying and below-lying centers. All this allows programming center to evaluate other levels commands in time and to perform movements management correction in time too.

Arbitrary movements of human being are regulated by brain cortex. Spine motoneurons management at arbitrary movements is realized by cortex precentral sulcus, partially it is performed through Betz’ cells and through pyramidal tract. Besides, this realization is made through extrapyramidal tracts.

Pyramidal tract motor cortex injury in course of trauma, haemorrhagia leads to muscular tone loss (sluggish paralysis), loosing the ability to perform some movements types. Motor cortex injury due to inhibitory influence loss to extrapyramidal system, spinal reflexes causes hyperreflexy, muscular hypertony (spastic paralysis despite slugging is developed) at functions of below-lying structures restoration.

Thus, any motor reaction realizing is performed by distributory system consisting of cortical and subcortical centers, connected one with another by multiple nervous tights.