- •Mistchenko V.P., Tkachenko e.V. Normal physiology
- •Dear students!
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional) Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Excitory tissues physiology. Excitive tissues functionning general features.
- •Lecture 2 Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Muscular contractions regimes.
- •Smooth muscles functional classification:
- •Lecture 3 Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
- •2 Main receptors types:
- •Receptors features:
- •Lecture 4 Different cns levels role in motor acts regulation Spine role in motor acts regulation.
- •2 Spine functions:
- •Stem role in motor functions regulation.
- •Diencephalon
- •Brain reticular formation
- •Cerebellum
- •Basal ganglions.
- •Locomotion neuronal organization.
- •Motor functions regulatory levels:
- •Lecture 5 Autonomic nervous system physiology and its role in functions regulation.
- •Lecture 6. Physiological functions humoral regulation. Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms of physiological functions regulation in organism.
- •Hormones synthesis, secretion and releasing.
- •Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms in physiological functions regulation.
- •Lecture 7. Sensor systems physiology (analizators and their significance for organism interrelations with surrounding external and internal environment).
- •Auditory analizator.
- •Conduction of sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
- •The basilar membrane and resonance in the cochlea
- •Transmission of sound waves in the cochlea - the “travelling waves”
- •Corti organ functions
- •The auditory pathway
- •Visual analizator
- •Image formation on the retina
- •The visual pathways
- •Olfactory (smell) analizator
- •2 Main theories of smell:
- •Lecture 8 Organism integrative activity and behavioral physiological bases (the higher nervous activity, behavioral congenital and acquired forms, memory, thinking and speech).
- •Hereditary behaviour forms
- •Instincts organization
- •Acquired behavioural forms
- •Lecture 9. Human higher nervous activity peculiarities (emotions, motivations, the highest nervous activity types)
- •Stress and anger
- •Lecture 10 Waking state, sleep, dream and hypnosis.
- •Lecture 11. Blood circulation system. Heart physiology (cardiac activity phases, heart tones, electrocardiogram).
- •Complex p – atrial.
- •Lecture 12.
- •Vessels physiology. Blood pressure. Pulse. Capillary and venous circulation. Lymphatic supply. Functional vessels classification:
- •Vessels activity main indexes:
- •Pulse clinical characteristics main indexes:
- •Capillary circulation and its peculiarities
- •Venous circulation
- •3 Phlebogram waves:
- •Lymphatic circulation
- •Lecture 13 Blood circulation regulation. Heart-vascular regulation center. Blood circulation nervous and humoral regulation. Blood circulation regulation distinguishing features in separate organs.
- •Humoral-chemical regulation
- •Circulation regulation peculiarities in separate organs
- •Circulation in heart
- •Circulation in brain
- •Blood circulation in lungs
- •Lecture 14 Blood physiology – blood functions. Blood physico-chemical peculiarities. Erythrocytes and erythropoiesis.
- •Main blood functions:
- •Blood physical-chemical peculiarities and constants.
- •Erythrocytes Er (red blood cells rbc)
- •1. According to causative agent action:
- •2. According to localization:
- •Erythrocytes functions:
- •Erythropoiesis and its regulation.
- •Neural-humoral erythropoiesis regulation
- •Lecture 15. Protective blood functions connected with leucocytes. Blood groups.
- •Leucocytic formula:
- •Crossings.
- •Separate leucocytes physiology.
- •Leucopoiesis regulation.
- •Blood groups.
- •Lecture 16. Platelets (thrombocytes) physiology. Haemostasis (vascular-platelet and coagulational).
- •Platelets functions:
- •Thrombocytopoiesis regulation
- •Plasmatic blood coagulation factors.
- •Lecture 17. Anticoagulants and fibrinolysis.
- •Lecture 18.
- •Vascular-platelet haemostasis, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis regulation.
- •Lecture 19. Respiration physiology. External respiration. Gas transition and transfer by blood.
- •Oxygen transport.
- •Oxygen transfer conditions
- •Oxyhaemoglobine dissociation curve moving:
- •Carbon dioxide transport
- •Carbon dioxide forms
- •Lecture 20. Respiration regulation.
- •2) Reflexes from respiratory musculature proprioreceptors:
- •Lecture 21. Modern human being feeding (new approaches to the problem).
- •Modern feeding in childhood.
- •Lecture 22 Digestion, its types and functions. Oral cavity role in digestion.
- •Alimentary tract main functions:
- •Lecture 23 Digestion in stomach
- •Stomach secretion regulating
- •Lecture 24. Digestion in intestine. Absorbtion in alimentary tract.
- •Digestion in large intestine.
- •Lecture 25. Hunger, appetite and satiation state. Substance and energy exchange, thermoregulation.
- •Lecture 26. Excretion (separate organs and systems role). Kidneys functions.
- •Lecture 27 (Final). Healthy life style physiological bases.
- •In conclusion, telling “Good-bye” to you we would like to wish you following:
- •Content.
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional). Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Lecture 2. Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Lecture 3. Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
Lecture 23 Digestion in stomach
Food comes into stomach after corresponding processing in oral cavity. It is (mixed with saliva) locates in stomach in course of 2-10 hours. Food undergoes both mechanical and chemical processing in stomach. These processes are possible due to stomach functional peculiarities. Such peculiarities are the following. First of all, food are deponated in stomach. Stomach is food masses reservoir. They are mixed with stomach juice in it. Stomach possesses excretory function. Some metabolites (urea, ureic acid, creatin, creatinin) as well as substances coming into organism out of it (hard metals salts, iodine, pharmacological preparations) are released with stomach juice. Its incretory function is linked with hormones formation. These hormones participate in stomach and other alimentary glands (gastrine, hystamine, somatostatine, motiline and others) activity regulation. Water, medicines and alcohol absorbtion possibility is a stomach characteristics. Protective function is very important in stomach: stomach juice possesses both bacteriocydic and bacteriostatic action. Besides, it can provide food regurgitation or return (vomiting) at its inquality preventing its coming into intestine.
But stomach secretory and motor functions are the main for it.
Stomach secretory activity is realized by gastric glands producing stomach juice. They are reproduced by 3 cellular groups:
main – take part in enzymes secretion (pepsines);
parietal – produce hydrochloric acid;
additional – release mucus.
Stomach juice content and features depend on several factors. For example, juice released under rest state (on an empty stomach) has neutral or weak-acid reaction (pH – 6,0). This juice consists of saliva and proper stomach juice, sometimes with chimus addition. Juice secretion is enforced in course of food taking; it contains main alimentary enzymes set and hydrochloric acid. Such juice has sharply acid reaction (pH 0,8-1,5). Stomach juice general amount in human being at usual feeding regime is 1,5-2,5 l per twenty-four-hours. Water’s content in it is up to 99,0-99,5 per cent. Solid residue is represented by organic and inorganic substances (chlorides, sulfates, phosphates and other substances). But main inorganic component of stomach juice is hydrochloric acid. Juice organic part – are enzymes, mucoids (for instance, gastromucoproteid or internal Kastl’s factor).
Hydrochloric acid secretion is linked with gastric carboanhydrase activation. Hydrochloric acid is very important in digestion.
It encourages pepsinogene transformation into pepsine and, thus, provides optimal environment reaction for alimentary enzymes action.
It denaturates proteins and causes its swelling.
It determines stomach juice bacteriostatic features.
It transforms milky products into curd cheese.
It neutralizes saliva enzymes.
It helps food transition from stomach to duodenum.
It stimulates stomach motor activity.
It helps gastro-intestinal tract hormones secretion (gastrine, secretine).
Stomach juice enzymes mainly influence on proteins hydrolysis to albumoses and peptines (even with little aminoacids amount formation). They separate 7 pepsinogenes types which are transformed into pepsines under hydrochloric acid action.
Main stomach juice pepsinogenes:
pepsine “A” – decomposes proteins to polypeptides at gastric juice pH 1,5-2,0;
pepsine “B” – destructs gelatine, connective tissue proteins at pH up to 5,0;
pepsine “C” – acts at stomach juice pH 3,2-3,5;
pepsine “D” – dissolves milky caseine.
Stomach juice contains lipase (it decomposes emulgated fats to glycerine and fat acids at pH 5,9-7,9. It’s amount is small in adults but it decomposes up to 59 per cent milky fat in adulthood.
Besides enzymes, gastric juice contains mucin (mucus) preventing stomach mucosa from autolysis under hydrochloric acid and pepsines action. There are neutral polysacharides in mucus. They are structural part of group blood antigenes, growth factor and antianaemic Kastl’s factor. Syalomucines of mucus prevents viral haemagglutination and glycoproteins (internal Kastl’s factor).