Neural-humoral erythropoiesis regulation

It is of less importance than humoral one. But it is well-known than some hypothalamic nuclei can stimulate or inhibit erythropoiesis. All these influencings performance is realized through vegetative nerves. Sympathetic nervous system excitement is accompanied by erythropoiesis activation. That’s why active life position and positive emotions - are important erythropoiesis activators.

Lecture 15. Protective blood functions connected with leucocytes. Blood groups.

Leucocytes or white blood cells (WBC) were described in the middle of 18^th century. It is known that they are divided into 2 groups:

1. Granulocytes:

• neutrophils;

• eosinophils;

• basophils.

2. Agranulocytes:

• lymphocytes;

• monocytes.

Leucocytes norma: 4,5-9,0 x10⁹/l. Their amount is bigger right after birth and can reach up to 20,0 x10⁹/l and even more. This number can increase in course of the first 24 hours of life. In 1 year – their amount is fluctuated from 6,0 till 12,0 x10⁹/l. Adult ziphras are achieved to 9-10 years. WBC content depends on season (it is bigger in autumn and winter; less – in summer and spring) as well as on day time (less in the night than in the afternoon).

Leucocytosis means leucocyte amount increasing.

1. Physiological (distributive):

• muscular - at football, chockey et al. when bone-marrow function is activated in muscles;

• emotional;

• noceoceptive (in course of pain especially moderate; while at strong pain – leucocytes amount is decreased);

• in ovulation (mainly due to neutrophils amount increasing);

• in pregnant women (in uterus submucosa);

• in new-borns (child’s organism is under strong stress due to transition into new environment);

• alimentary (linked with protein food taking due to increased antibodies production to proteins).

2. Pathological (reactive):

• inflammational;

• infectional.

Leucopenia - leucocytes amount decreasing:

• infectional;

• radiational;

• as answer reactions to some medicines action.

Leucocytic formula:

• basophils – 0-1,0 %;

• eosinophils – 1,0-4,0 %;

• neutrophils - 50,0-70,0 % - among them:

• juveniles – up to 1,0%,

• rod or stab neutrophils – 1,0-4,0 %,

• segment-nuclear neutrophils – 50,0-65,0 %;

• lymphocytes – 25,0-40,0 %;

• monocytes – 2,0-10,0%.

Movement (shift) to the left - is called regenerative movement (blood renewal, sign of so-called young blood); is characterized by juveniles and rod (stab) neutrophils increasing in blood. Reasons:

• infectional diseases;

• leucoses;

• inflammational processes.

Movement (shift) to the right - is called degenerative movement (sign of old blood): is characterized by juveniles and rod (stab) neutrophils amount decreasing and segment- nuclear leucocytes number increasing. It may be observed at:

• aplastic anaemias;

• leucoses.

Crossings.

In children beginning from the 2^nd day of their life lymphocytes is increased and neutrophils amount is decreased. 5-6^th days of their life are characterized by equality of neutrophils and lymphocytes amount (42,0-45,0%). Such equality is named as first crossing of neutrophils and lymphocytes amount. Then with ageing neutrophils number is decreased, lymphocytes – increased. To 5^th month of life neutrophils are 25,0-30,0%, lymphocytes – 65%. Such situation is up to 9-10^th months of life. Then gradually neutrophils amount is increased, lymphocytes – is decreased. In 5-6 years – second crossing. To puberty – all indexes become like in adulthood.