- •Mistchenko V.P., Tkachenko e.V. Normal physiology
- •Dear students!
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional) Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Excitory tissues physiology. Excitive tissues functionning general features.
- •Lecture 2 Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Muscular contractions regimes.
- •Smooth muscles functional classification:
- •Lecture 3 Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
- •2 Main receptors types:
- •Receptors features:
- •Lecture 4 Different cns levels role in motor acts regulation Spine role in motor acts regulation.
- •2 Spine functions:
- •Stem role in motor functions regulation.
- •Diencephalon
- •Brain reticular formation
- •Cerebellum
- •Basal ganglions.
- •Locomotion neuronal organization.
- •Motor functions regulatory levels:
- •Lecture 5 Autonomic nervous system physiology and its role in functions regulation.
- •Lecture 6. Physiological functions humoral regulation. Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms of physiological functions regulation in organism.
- •Hormones synthesis, secretion and releasing.
- •Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms in physiological functions regulation.
- •Lecture 7. Sensor systems physiology (analizators and their significance for organism interrelations with surrounding external and internal environment).
- •Auditory analizator.
- •Conduction of sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
- •The basilar membrane and resonance in the cochlea
- •Transmission of sound waves in the cochlea - the “travelling waves”
- •Corti organ functions
- •The auditory pathway
- •Visual analizator
- •Image formation on the retina
- •The visual pathways
- •Olfactory (smell) analizator
- •2 Main theories of smell:
- •Lecture 8 Organism integrative activity and behavioral physiological bases (the higher nervous activity, behavioral congenital and acquired forms, memory, thinking and speech).
- •Hereditary behaviour forms
- •Instincts organization
- •Acquired behavioural forms
- •Lecture 9. Human higher nervous activity peculiarities (emotions, motivations, the highest nervous activity types)
- •Stress and anger
- •Lecture 10 Waking state, sleep, dream and hypnosis.
- •Lecture 11. Blood circulation system. Heart physiology (cardiac activity phases, heart tones, electrocardiogram).
- •Complex p – atrial.
- •Lecture 12.
- •Vessels physiology. Blood pressure. Pulse. Capillary and venous circulation. Lymphatic supply. Functional vessels classification:
- •Vessels activity main indexes:
- •Pulse clinical characteristics main indexes:
- •Capillary circulation and its peculiarities
- •Venous circulation
- •3 Phlebogram waves:
- •Lymphatic circulation
- •Lecture 13 Blood circulation regulation. Heart-vascular regulation center. Blood circulation nervous and humoral regulation. Blood circulation regulation distinguishing features in separate organs.
- •Humoral-chemical regulation
- •Circulation regulation peculiarities in separate organs
- •Circulation in heart
- •Circulation in brain
- •Blood circulation in lungs
- •Lecture 14 Blood physiology – blood functions. Blood physico-chemical peculiarities. Erythrocytes and erythropoiesis.
- •Main blood functions:
- •Blood physical-chemical peculiarities and constants.
- •Erythrocytes Er (red blood cells rbc)
- •1. According to causative agent action:
- •2. According to localization:
- •Erythrocytes functions:
- •Erythropoiesis and its regulation.
- •Neural-humoral erythropoiesis regulation
- •Lecture 15. Protective blood functions connected with leucocytes. Blood groups.
- •Leucocytic formula:
- •Crossings.
- •Separate leucocytes physiology.
- •Leucopoiesis regulation.
- •Blood groups.
- •Lecture 16. Platelets (thrombocytes) physiology. Haemostasis (vascular-platelet and coagulational).
- •Platelets functions:
- •Thrombocytopoiesis regulation
- •Plasmatic blood coagulation factors.
- •Lecture 17. Anticoagulants and fibrinolysis.
- •Lecture 18.
- •Vascular-platelet haemostasis, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis regulation.
- •Lecture 19. Respiration physiology. External respiration. Gas transition and transfer by blood.
- •Oxygen transport.
- •Oxygen transfer conditions
- •Oxyhaemoglobine dissociation curve moving:
- •Carbon dioxide transport
- •Carbon dioxide forms
- •Lecture 20. Respiration regulation.
- •2) Reflexes from respiratory musculature proprioreceptors:
- •Lecture 21. Modern human being feeding (new approaches to the problem).
- •Modern feeding in childhood.
- •Lecture 22 Digestion, its types and functions. Oral cavity role in digestion.
- •Alimentary tract main functions:
- •Lecture 23 Digestion in stomach
- •Stomach secretion regulating
- •Lecture 24. Digestion in intestine. Absorbtion in alimentary tract.
- •Digestion in large intestine.
- •Lecture 25. Hunger, appetite and satiation state. Substance and energy exchange, thermoregulation.
- •Lecture 26. Excretion (separate organs and systems role). Kidneys functions.
- •Lecture 27 (Final). Healthy life style physiological bases.
- •In conclusion, telling “Good-bye” to you we would like to wish you following:
- •Content.
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional). Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Lecture 2. Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Lecture 3. Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
Erythrocytes functions:
Respiratory – O2 and CO2 transport.
Metabolic – participation in proteins, fats and carbohydrates, water and salts exchange.
Transport - proteins, fats, carbohydrates, medicines.
Buffer (haemoglobine buffer).
Participation in iron metabolism.
Bile-formation regulation.
Erythropoiesis.
Antitoxic function.
Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis.
Erythropoiesis and its regulation.
RBC life duration is 60-120 days (in males – on 10-20 days longer). They are formed in bone marrow from reticulocytes. At this stage reaching capillary wall is stretched, vessel is opened and Er are washed into blood stream, where they are transformed into young Er (normocytes) after 35-45 hours. Er die in liver, spleen. Destructed Er amount corresponds to formed Er amount. This closed system with all mass of Er circulating into organism received the name erythron.
Erythropoiesis regulation is performed by humoral and nervous-reflectory way. Humoral way is main and it’s more complicated. It includes 2 ways:
Specific - is linked with special substances - cytokines. Erythropoietin is the most essential among them from this point of view. This is polypeptide, produced in kidneys, uterus, salivary glands. Its amount is increased at:
bleedings;
low oxygen partial pressure;
ascent to haltitude (in the mountains);
muscular activity.
Action mechanism:
stem cells transition into erythroblasts acceleration and enforcement;
cellular mitosis increasing;
interphase decreasing;
normoblasts and reticulocytes maturation increasing;
DNA, RNA and ferritin amount increasing in erythrocytic predecessors;
circulation activation in erythroblastic bone-marrow insulas.
Other cytokines delt with erythropoiesis - haemopoeitines (they produce by leucocytes, macrophages and endotheliocytes):
interleukines acting to bone-marrow;
growth-stimulating factor;
colony-stimulating factor;
colony-forming factor.
Non-specific way – microelements, vitamines and hormones action.
a) Microelements:
Iron is the most essential among them. It comes into bone-marrow from destructed erythrocytes (about 21 mg per day). But this amount is insufficient for normal erythropoiesis performance. Additional amount must be approximately 4 mg/day. 12-15 mg must come with water and food while normal urtilization in alimentary tract. If no – iron-deficient anaemia is observed (in pregnant, at stomach and intestine diseases). Ascorbic acid enforces iron absorbtion. Transferrin – special iron transporter – is located in intestinal mucosa; iron forms complex with protein ferritin in cells and is preserved in cells in such a form. Liver is main iron depot in organism.
Copper provides iron mobilization from tissues and its utilization. Copper is utilized by bone-marrow and participate in haemoglobine synthesis. When copper absence RBC maturate only till reticulocytic stage.
Cobalt is a haemoglobine constituent.
Fluorum is erythropoiesis inhibitor, that’s why at its excess in environment (water, air, foods) anaemia may be developed.
b) Vitamines: of B-group are the most essential:
B12 (cyancobalamine) - haemopoiesis factor. It is synthesized by microorganisms, ray fungi and some weads. Cobalt is essential for cyancobalamine formation. This vitamine comes into human organism with liver, meat, eggs. This vitamine takes part in haemoglobine synthesis. It is accumulated into liver; its depot is very large (for 5-10 years).
B9 (folic acid) – is contained in plant food, liver, eggs. It participates in globine synthesis influencing on erythroblasts.
B6 (pyridoxine) catalyzes folic acid formation and cyancobalamine action.
B2 (rhibophlavine) participates in iron consumption, it also is necessary for haemoglobine synthesis.
C (ascorbic acid) – encourages iron releasing from intestine and regulates haemoglobine synthesis.
A (retinol) and E (tocopherol) – influence on haemopoietic tissue functions, protect Er membrane from free radicals action.
Hormones:
Hypophyseal erythropoietical hormone, ACTH, STH - enforce erythropoiesis.
Suprarenal glands – glucocorticoids, adrenaline - enforce erythropoiesis.
Parathyroid - parathormone - enforces erythropoiesis.
Female sexual organs – erythropoiesis weakening.
Male sexual organs - enforce erythropoiesis.
Besides erythropoiesis activators there are also erythropoiesis inhibitors in blood.