- •Mistchenko V.P., Tkachenko e.V. Normal physiology
- •Dear students!
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional) Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Excitory tissues physiology. Excitive tissues functionning general features.
- •Lecture 2 Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Muscular contractions regimes.
- •Smooth muscles functional classification:
- •Lecture 3 Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
- •2 Main receptors types:
- •Receptors features:
- •Lecture 4 Different cns levels role in motor acts regulation Spine role in motor acts regulation.
- •2 Spine functions:
- •Stem role in motor functions regulation.
- •Diencephalon
- •Brain reticular formation
- •Cerebellum
- •Basal ganglions.
- •Locomotion neuronal organization.
- •Motor functions regulatory levels:
- •Lecture 5 Autonomic nervous system physiology and its role in functions regulation.
- •Lecture 6. Physiological functions humoral regulation. Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms of physiological functions regulation in organism.
- •Hormones synthesis, secretion and releasing.
- •Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms in physiological functions regulation.
- •Lecture 7. Sensor systems physiology (analizators and their significance for organism interrelations with surrounding external and internal environment).
- •Auditory analizator.
- •Conduction of sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
- •The basilar membrane and resonance in the cochlea
- •Transmission of sound waves in the cochlea - the “travelling waves”
- •Corti organ functions
- •The auditory pathway
- •Visual analizator
- •Image formation on the retina
- •The visual pathways
- •Olfactory (smell) analizator
- •2 Main theories of smell:
- •Lecture 8 Organism integrative activity and behavioral physiological bases (the higher nervous activity, behavioral congenital and acquired forms, memory, thinking and speech).
- •Hereditary behaviour forms
- •Instincts organization
- •Acquired behavioural forms
- •Lecture 9. Human higher nervous activity peculiarities (emotions, motivations, the highest nervous activity types)
- •Stress and anger
- •Lecture 10 Waking state, sleep, dream and hypnosis.
- •Lecture 11. Blood circulation system. Heart physiology (cardiac activity phases, heart tones, electrocardiogram).
- •Complex p – atrial.
- •Lecture 12.
- •Vessels physiology. Blood pressure. Pulse. Capillary and venous circulation. Lymphatic supply. Functional vessels classification:
- •Vessels activity main indexes:
- •Pulse clinical characteristics main indexes:
- •Capillary circulation and its peculiarities
- •Venous circulation
- •3 Phlebogram waves:
- •Lymphatic circulation
- •Lecture 13 Blood circulation regulation. Heart-vascular regulation center. Blood circulation nervous and humoral regulation. Blood circulation regulation distinguishing features in separate organs.
- •Humoral-chemical regulation
- •Circulation regulation peculiarities in separate organs
- •Circulation in heart
- •Circulation in brain
- •Blood circulation in lungs
- •Lecture 14 Blood physiology – blood functions. Blood physico-chemical peculiarities. Erythrocytes and erythropoiesis.
- •Main blood functions:
- •Blood physical-chemical peculiarities and constants.
- •Erythrocytes Er (red blood cells rbc)
- •1. According to causative agent action:
- •2. According to localization:
- •Erythrocytes functions:
- •Erythropoiesis and its regulation.
- •Neural-humoral erythropoiesis regulation
- •Lecture 15. Protective blood functions connected with leucocytes. Blood groups.
- •Leucocytic formula:
- •Crossings.
- •Separate leucocytes physiology.
- •Leucopoiesis regulation.
- •Blood groups.
- •Lecture 16. Platelets (thrombocytes) physiology. Haemostasis (vascular-platelet and coagulational).
- •Platelets functions:
- •Thrombocytopoiesis regulation
- •Plasmatic blood coagulation factors.
- •Lecture 17. Anticoagulants and fibrinolysis.
- •Lecture 18.
- •Vascular-platelet haemostasis, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis regulation.
- •Lecture 19. Respiration physiology. External respiration. Gas transition and transfer by blood.
- •Oxygen transport.
- •Oxygen transfer conditions
- •Oxyhaemoglobine dissociation curve moving:
- •Carbon dioxide transport
- •Carbon dioxide forms
- •Lecture 20. Respiration regulation.
- •2) Reflexes from respiratory musculature proprioreceptors:
- •Lecture 21. Modern human being feeding (new approaches to the problem).
- •Modern feeding in childhood.
- •Lecture 22 Digestion, its types and functions. Oral cavity role in digestion.
- •Alimentary tract main functions:
- •Lecture 23 Digestion in stomach
- •Stomach secretion regulating
- •Lecture 24. Digestion in intestine. Absorbtion in alimentary tract.
- •Digestion in large intestine.
- •Lecture 25. Hunger, appetite and satiation state. Substance and energy exchange, thermoregulation.
- •Lecture 26. Excretion (separate organs and systems role). Kidneys functions.
- •Lecture 27 (Final). Healthy life style physiological bases.
- •In conclusion, telling “Good-bye” to you we would like to wish you following:
- •Content.
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional). Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Lecture 2. Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Lecture 3. Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
Circulation regulation peculiarities in separate organs
There are both blood circulation and its regulation several distinguishing features in different organs. It is connected with different organs innervation and their various sensitivity to hormones, mediators and different chemicals which can influence on vascular vessels activity.
Circulation in heart
It is performed by coronary arteries, big capillaries amount. Circulative conditions in coronary arteries differ greatly from circulation in other organs. In course of ventricules systole myocardium presses vessels in it. That’s why blood circulation is weakened, oxygen supply is decreased to the tissues. Right after systole heart blood circulation is increased. Main regulative role of sympathetic and parasympathetic influencings interrelations is in rapid and adequate coronary circulation adaptation to current organism organism needs. Vagus excitement leads to coronars dilation. Cardiac sympathetic rami (branches) excitement results in coronarodilation and blood stream activation in them. Oxygen myocardial consumption sufficiency is important for coronary circulation regulation. Cardiac muscle hypoxy results in myocardial chemoreceptors excitement which leads to reflectory arterioles dilations and blood stream activation. Carbonic dioxide accumulation in blood causes the same effect (that’s why coronary circulation is increased at respiration lack).
Circulation in brain
It is more intensive in this region comparatively to all others. About 15 per cent of blood from every cardiac discharge in large circle comes into brain vessels. Brain vessels are muscular, with excessive adrenergic innervation that allows them to change their cavity in wide limits. Circulation distribution in brain is rather unequal: its maximal level is in hypothalamus and cortex.
Brain circulation independence from general (systemic) circulation is its important feature. It is explained by skull rigidity and brain disability to be pressed. That’s why all liquids volume in intracranial vessels is practically constant. Even small increasing of this volume caused by significant arterioles dilation that leads to circulation increasing is compensed easily with insufficient veins constriction the volume of which is rather more.
Under norma, vasonstricting nervous fibres influence on brain blood stream insignificantly. Such weak brain innervation with vasoconstricting nerves is favourable for it. When blood pressure decreases for instance after strong bleeding (at which peripheral vessels are constricted), brain vessels are dilated. Brain circulation remains constant even under such conditions due to autoregulation (but only if blood pressure is not less as 50-60 mm merc col.) At further blood pressure decreasing blood circulation will be reduced in brain too that may leads to unconscious state.
In brain vessels tone regulation local factors are of great importance too. Merabolism intensivity activation in brain, blood content change (CO2 level increasing) causes brain vessels dilation. H+-ions role, oxygen tension are very important in these reactions too (at oxygen low tension – brain vessels are dilated, at high tension – are constricted, on the contrary). At oxygen content increasing in air brain vessels are constricted.