- •Mistchenko V.P., Tkachenko e.V. Normal physiology
- •Dear students!
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional) Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Excitory tissues physiology. Excitive tissues functionning general features.
- •Lecture 2 Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Muscular contractions regimes.
- •Smooth muscles functional classification:
- •Lecture 3 Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
- •2 Main receptors types:
- •Receptors features:
- •Lecture 4 Different cns levels role in motor acts regulation Spine role in motor acts regulation.
- •2 Spine functions:
- •Stem role in motor functions regulation.
- •Diencephalon
- •Brain reticular formation
- •Cerebellum
- •Basal ganglions.
- •Locomotion neuronal organization.
- •Motor functions regulatory levels:
- •Lecture 5 Autonomic nervous system physiology and its role in functions regulation.
- •Lecture 6. Physiological functions humoral regulation. Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms of physiological functions regulation in organism.
- •Hormones synthesis, secretion and releasing.
- •Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms in physiological functions regulation.
- •Lecture 7. Sensor systems physiology (analizators and their significance for organism interrelations with surrounding external and internal environment).
- •Auditory analizator.
- •Conduction of sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
- •The basilar membrane and resonance in the cochlea
- •Transmission of sound waves in the cochlea - the “travelling waves”
- •Corti organ functions
- •The auditory pathway
- •Visual analizator
- •Image formation on the retina
- •The visual pathways
- •Olfactory (smell) analizator
- •2 Main theories of smell:
- •Lecture 8 Organism integrative activity and behavioral physiological bases (the higher nervous activity, behavioral congenital and acquired forms, memory, thinking and speech).
- •Hereditary behaviour forms
- •Instincts organization
- •Acquired behavioural forms
- •Lecture 9. Human higher nervous activity peculiarities (emotions, motivations, the highest nervous activity types)
- •Stress and anger
- •Lecture 10 Waking state, sleep, dream and hypnosis.
- •Lecture 11. Blood circulation system. Heart physiology (cardiac activity phases, heart tones, electrocardiogram).
- •Complex p – atrial.
- •Lecture 12.
- •Vessels physiology. Blood pressure. Pulse. Capillary and venous circulation. Lymphatic supply. Functional vessels classification:
- •Vessels activity main indexes:
- •Pulse clinical characteristics main indexes:
- •Capillary circulation and its peculiarities
- •Venous circulation
- •3 Phlebogram waves:
- •Lymphatic circulation
- •Lecture 13 Blood circulation regulation. Heart-vascular regulation center. Blood circulation nervous and humoral regulation. Blood circulation regulation distinguishing features in separate organs.
- •Humoral-chemical regulation
- •Circulation regulation peculiarities in separate organs
- •Circulation in heart
- •Circulation in brain
- •Blood circulation in lungs
- •Lecture 14 Blood physiology – blood functions. Blood physico-chemical peculiarities. Erythrocytes and erythropoiesis.
- •Main blood functions:
- •Blood physical-chemical peculiarities and constants.
- •Erythrocytes Er (red blood cells rbc)
- •1. According to causative agent action:
- •2. According to localization:
- •Erythrocytes functions:
- •Erythropoiesis and its regulation.
- •Neural-humoral erythropoiesis regulation
- •Lecture 15. Protective blood functions connected with leucocytes. Blood groups.
- •Leucocytic formula:
- •Crossings.
- •Separate leucocytes physiology.
- •Leucopoiesis regulation.
- •Blood groups.
- •Lecture 16. Platelets (thrombocytes) physiology. Haemostasis (vascular-platelet and coagulational).
- •Platelets functions:
- •Thrombocytopoiesis regulation
- •Plasmatic blood coagulation factors.
- •Lecture 17. Anticoagulants and fibrinolysis.
- •Lecture 18.
- •Vascular-platelet haemostasis, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis regulation.
- •Lecture 19. Respiration physiology. External respiration. Gas transition and transfer by blood.
- •Oxygen transport.
- •Oxygen transfer conditions
- •Oxyhaemoglobine dissociation curve moving:
- •Carbon dioxide transport
- •Carbon dioxide forms
- •Lecture 20. Respiration regulation.
- •2) Reflexes from respiratory musculature proprioreceptors:
- •Lecture 21. Modern human being feeding (new approaches to the problem).
- •Modern feeding in childhood.
- •Lecture 22 Digestion, its types and functions. Oral cavity role in digestion.
- •Alimentary tract main functions:
- •Lecture 23 Digestion in stomach
- •Stomach secretion regulating
- •Lecture 24. Digestion in intestine. Absorbtion in alimentary tract.
- •Digestion in large intestine.
- •Lecture 25. Hunger, appetite and satiation state. Substance and energy exchange, thermoregulation.
- •Lecture 26. Excretion (separate organs and systems role). Kidneys functions.
- •Lecture 27 (Final). Healthy life style physiological bases.
- •In conclusion, telling “Good-bye” to you we would like to wish you following:
- •Content.
- •Lecture 1 (Introductional). Physiology as a science. Physiological investigations methods. Physiology chapters. Excitive tissues physiology.
- •Lecture 2. Muscular tissue physiology: sceletal, smooth and cardiac muscles activity distinguishing features.
- •Lecture 3. Nervous tissue physiology (receptors, nervous fibres, synapses).
Auditory analizator.
Ear is the organ of hearing. Ear can be divided on 3 parts:
external ear:
auricle - collects sound waves;
external auditory meatus: conducts sound waves from auricle to tympanic membrane;
middle ear (tympanic cavity):
tympanic membrane: forms lateral wall of tympanic cavity; circular and concave from outside; point of maximum concavity is called umbo, where handle of malleus is attached;
contents: air, auditory ossicles, tensor, tympani muscle and stapedius muscle;
windows: there are 2 windows in medial wall to tympanic cavity, round window and oval window.
internal ear:
cochlea;
vestibular apparatus.
Auditory ossicles:
malleus;
incus;
stapes.
Arrangements:
handle of malleus is attached to umbo of tympanic membrane;
other end of malleus is bound to incus by ligaments;
opposite end of incus articulates with stem of stapes;
foot plate of stapes lies against membraneous labyrinth in oval window, where sound waves are conducted into cochlea.
Functions:
Auditory ossicles increase pressure exerted by sound waves on fluid of cochlea. Thus, provide impedance matching between sound waves in air and sound vibrations in fluid of cochlea.
Muscles of ossicles:
Tensor tympani - pulls handle of malleus inward, thus, keeps tympanic membrane tenses.
Stapedius – pulls stapes out from oval window.
Eustachial tube – is a tube connecting middle ear cavity with pharynx.
Function: equilizes pressure on either side of tympanic membrane.
Hearing – is the sense by which sounds are perceived.
Sound - is effect produced on organ of hearing by vibrations of air molecules. Sound doesn’t travel through vacuum. The unit of sound intensity is decibel.
Noise – is a disturbing sound.
How sound is heard
Ear receives sound waves, discriminates their freaquencies, and finally transmits auditory information onto the central nervous system where its meaning is deciphered.
Conduction of sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
Tympanic membrane and the ossicular system, which conducts sound through the middle ear. The tympanic membrane is cone-shaped, with its concavity facing downward and outward toward the auditory channel. Attached to the very center of the tympanic membrane is the handle of the malleus. And its other end the malleus is tightly bound to the incus by ligaments so that whenever the malleus moves the incus moves with it. The opposite end of the incus in turn articulates with the stem of the stapes, and the footplate of the stapes lies against the membranous labyrinth in the opening of the oval window where sound waves are conducted into the inner ear, the cochlea.
The ossicles of the middle ear are suspended by ligaments in such a way that the combined malleus and incus act as a single lever having its fulcrum approximately at the border of the tympanic membrane. The large head of the malleus, which is on the opposite side of the fulcrum from the handle, almost exactly balances the other end of the lever. The articulation of the incus with the stapes causes the stapes to push forward on the cochlea fluid every time the handle of the malleus moves inward and to pull backward on the fluid every time the malleus moves outward, which promotes inward and outward motion of the footplate at the oval window.
The handle of the malleus is constantly pulled inward by the tensor tympani muscle, which keeps the tympanic membrane tensed. This allows sound vibrations on any portion of the tympanic membrane to be transmitted to the malleus, which would not be true if the membrane were lax.
Cochlea is a system of coiled tubes.
It consists of:
Three tubes:
scala vestibuli;
scala media;
scala tympani.
Two membranes:
Reissner’s (vestibular) membrane: separates scala vestibuli and scala media.
Basilar membrane: separates scala media and scala tympani.
Organ of Corti
It lies on surface of basilar membrane. It contains mechanically-sensitive hair cells which are receptive end-organs and generate nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations.
Fluid present in cochlea:
Perilymph: present in scala vestibuli and scala tympani. It is almost identical to cerebro-spinal fluid (liquor).
Endolymph- present in scala media.