• A particular stylistic effect may be created due to the usage of archaic (thee, thou, thy) or low colloquial forms of pronouns. While archaic forms make the speech sound official, solemn, or poetical, low colloquial forms usually render some speech characteristics.

• Pronouns can also undergo various contextual transpositions:

1. when we is used instead of I - I —* we transposition):

1. Pluralis Auctoris - a certain group, party, or class;

2. Pluralis Majestatis - as a symbol of royal power;

3. Pluralis Modestial - involving the reader or listener into the author's thoughts. It is typical of oral or written scientific prose;

4. when we is employed to impart to the utterance a jocular unceremonious coloring;

2. I —» one transposition which gives an utterance a more general, impersonal charactcr;

3. I —> you transposition which frequently occurs in reported speech and some descriptions;

4. I —* lie/slie transposition that takes place when: - as an onlooker; as an interlocutor (собеседник); his/her relevance; laughs away what is said about him/her by the others;

5. you —> we ("clinical we”) transposition, which conveys a patronizing attitude of the senior superior to the junior/interior (который передает покровительственный отношение старший превосходит младший / уступает). It can also create a humorous effect.

5. Si) basel) on the use of adverbs

Adverbs as one of the means of communicating intensity may be:

1. stylistically neutral, typical of both written and oral speech (exceedingly, quite, too. utterly);

2. stylistically marked, typical of oral speech only (awfully, terribly, dreadfully etc.).

6. Si) based on the use of verbs

The existing diversity of verb categories, forms and constructions makes this part of speech the richest one as to its stylistic possibilities. The stylistic potential of the verb finds its obvious manifestations (очевидные проявления) in the use of aspect (вид) , tense, voice, and mood forms.

Verb aspect forms have a lot of synonyms which allow diverse synonymous substitutions:

Present. Past and Future Continuous forms, being more emotional* than Indefinite

ones.

The interchange of verb tense forms (past with historic present or present with past or future) in the narrative makes the events, actions and situations described more vivid.

Passive constructions which might have a greater emotional charge than active ones, because of their implicit agent (неявное средство), can make a literary text more expressive.

The category of mood, due to its modality, the expression of the speaker’s attitude to the events and phenomena described, also enjoys a great stylistic potential. - While considering the stylistic usage of the imperative mood, it is important to take into account: social factors (age, social status, educational background, relations between the interlocutors) and different attitudinal overtones (categoric, pressing, mild, affectionate, threatening, ironical). Imperative mood forms in a literary text, especially in its title, are used to create an illusion of the author's or the narrator’s immediate contract w'ith the reader. Such forms are also frequent in the publicistic. oratorical, and newspaper texts.

Semantics of the subjunctive mood forms which express w^rish, supposition, possibility, and unreality predetermine the use of these forms in all the styles of Modern English.

Subjective emotional evaluation may be also conveyed by means of the "emotional should" or the "would + infinitive" construction, which expresses supposition or the repetition of actions, e.g. "Why should I be ashamed of myself? - asked Gabriel” (J.Joyce).

13

LEXIS. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH WORDS. GROUPS OF ENGLISH WORDS

Different levels of language units

Generally speaking, the word level became very popular in twentieth century science and even in political phraseology: - Prime Minister level, - on the highest level in linguistic, the word level is used in collocations like

• language level,

• speech level.

• observation level (уровень наблюдения).

• construct 1е\е1(уровень конструктов),

• prosodic level (просодический - учение об ударении),

• phraseological level,

• the level of the principal parts of the sentence,

• stylistic level (proposed by Galperin).

The term level as applied to language is more appropriate when used in the sense implied by the French linguists Benveniste, who used it to characterize the hierarchical structure of language itself, not the arbitrary aspects of research.

Our compatriot Maslov employs the term - ''tier ” - ярус- instead.

The smallest or shortest unit of language is the phoneme

The sequence of phonemes making units of higher ranks represents the phonemic level.

1. One or several phonemes combined constitute a unit of a higher level.

2. The second level - that of morphemes, or the morphemic level.

3. One or usually more than one morpheme make a word, a ‘lexeme’ - hence - следовательно- the lexical level.

4. One or usually more than one word make an utterance, or. in traditional terminology, a sentence - hence, the sentence level.

Each level consists of units of the neighboring lower level with nothing besides - a sentence consists only of words: a word is divided into morphemes or sometimes coincides with one; a morpheme contains nothing but phonemes or is represented by one of them', as in make-s, read -er. pen -s.

Summing up. we must say that the first meaning of the word level suggests the idea of horizontal layers (subdivisions) of some structure. And. indeed, when we come to inspect language, we discover that language presents a hierarchy of level, from the lowest - самый низкий - up to the highest.

And each level is described by what we named above a level discipline’ - phonetics, morphology, lexicology, syntax. Of course, stylistics does not fit in here.

The concept of sublanguages

Language is heterogeneous

Sublanguage is a language subsistem which satisfy the needs and purpose of communication in certain sphere. Functional styles can represent by sublanguage style. There are 2 spheres odf communication: official and inofficial - they represent different sublanguages.

The classification of style by Ilya Go/periu

1. bellesletters - poetry, emotive words, drama

2. pablicistic style- speeches, essay, articles

14

3. newspaper- briefnews, headlines, advertisements, editorial

4. scientific prose

5. official doc-s

Very important features of this clas-n; he didn't single out colloquial style, as he considered it spontaneous unprepared and perfunctory - спонтанные неподготовленным и небрежный (поверхностный).

Irina Arnold singles out 4 styles:

Poetic style, scientific style. newspaper style, colloquial style

Sublanguages in different spheres:

1. sphere of busines - Business correspondence, Diplomatic corr., International treaties. Private corr

2. sphere of law (legal documents) - civil law. criminal law, settlements

3. personal doc-s. (sertificates. diplomes)

4. the colloqualsphere - is slightly lower than neutral. People use them when they don't to be rude, sarcastic or witty. And the speech becomes colloquial & with a tinge of familiarity. Talking with our friends we don’t notice the forms of the sublanguage we employ. But not in the company of strangers it may not be done. Coll. sphere may contain words belonging to jargonizes, professionalisms, & slang. This speech may be careless, unconventional, i.g. if 1 was you. I would... (were)

The number of sublanguages is not clear at all.

Each sublanguage characterize:

1. Non-specific units - neutral

2. Relatively specific - may be unknown to people without education, children. Can be used for different sublanguages. Meaning is narrower.

3. Absolutely specific

Basic subdivision of the word’s groups: formal, informal, neutral

/. Formal words:

1. Poetic words-constitute the highest level of the scale; every poetic word pertains to the uppermost part of the scheme; it demonstrates the maximum of aesthetic value. Arhaic words, are also stylistically heterogeneous. They are usually thought to pertain to the upper strata of vocabulary. This words practically unknown to the public at large, e. g. Thou, thee, knight.

2. Bookish words -the words thus called are used as their name shows, in cultivated spheres of speech: in books or in such types of oral communication as public speeches, official negotiations, and so on. Bookish words are either formal synonyms of ordinary neutral words, e. g. Commence and begin, respond and answer, individual and man.

3. Barbarism, or foreign words. Words originally borrowed from a foreign language are usually assimilated into the native vocabulary, so as not to differ from its units in appearance or in sound, e. g. From french (bouquet, garage). Italian (dolce-far-niente) or latin (alter ego).

4. Neologisms, or new creations. A neologisms seems, to the majority of language users, a stranger, a new comer and hence a word of low stylistic value, although the intention of the speaker may be quite opposite.

5. Special terms. This word-class constitute the actual majority of the lexical units of every modern language serving the needs of a highly developed science and technology. In special (professional) spheres the term performs no expressive or aesthetic function whatever. In non professional spheres (imaginative prose, newspaper texts, everyday speech) popular terms are of the first (minimal) or the second (medial) degree of elevation. The use of special non-

15