6.Expressivc means/ stylistic means/ stylistic markers/ stylistic devices/ tropes/

figures of speech

A stylistic device (SD) is a conscious and intentional intensification of some structural or semantic property (имущество) of a language unit. The interplay or clash (взаимодействие или столкновение) of the dictionary and contextual meanings of words brings about the stylistic devices.

SDs always carry some additional information, either emotive or logical.

SDs must be regarded as a special code which has to be well known to the reader in order to be deciphered easily.

SDs are designed to achieve a particular artistic effect.

There are phonetic, graphical, lexical and syntactical stylistic devices.

PHONETIC STYLISTIC DEVICES AND GRAPHICAL MEANS

1. Onomatopoeia

2. Alliteration

3. Rhyme

4. Rhythm

5. Graphical Means

6. Intonation. Sentence stress. Pitch of the voice

Phonetics is a basic branch of linguistics. Neither linguistic theory nor linguistic practice can do without phonetics.

The theory of sound symbolism is based on the assumption (предположение) that separate sounds due to their articulatory and acoustic properties (артикуляторные и акустические свойства) may awake certain ideas, perceptions, feelings, images, vague though they might be.

Recent investigations have shown that «it is rash to deny the existence of universal, or widespread, types of sound symbolism»

In poetry - the arrangement of sounds carries осуществляет a definite aesthetic function. Poetry is not entirely divorced from music: such notions as harmony, euphony, rhythm and other sound phenomena undoubtedly are not indifferent to the general effect produced by a verbal chain.

Verier St Woolman, one of the founders of the theory of sound symbolism claimed that a certain sound when pronounced clearly and strong has special meaning and feeling- e.g. the sound [d], when repeated often may produce an effect of something evil, negative and wicked).

Phonetics is the science that studies and investigate

the sound matter (вопрос) of the language, its semantic functions and the lines of

development.

the pronunciation of human sounds in the process of the communication, the nature of these noises,

the combination and the functions in their relation to the meaning (intonation and

stress).

also deals with speech sounds

sounds as the phonemes (smallest units of language) and their allophones.

6

the syllabic structure,

the distribution of stress and intonation

the sounds that are produced by the human speech-organs insofar as these sounds have a role in a language

So. phonetics can be also defined as the study of the phonic medium (звуковая среда) - the way humans make, transmit, and receive speech sounds.

the ways in which the sounds are organized into a system of units and the variation of the units in all types and sty les of spoken language.

Phonetic expressive means include:

Intonation - is a complex unity of non-segmental features of speech, such as melody or pitch of the voice, stress, pausation and different temporal characteristic. Intonation determines the communicative type of sentences: there 4 main types of sentences:

• Statements / like music.

• Questions - Canyon do it?

• Imperative sentences or commands - Just do it!

• Exclamations - Right you ar!

Sentence stress which is a greater prominence of words.

To the phonetic stylistic devices we refer:

• Onomatopoeia, or sound imitation, is the use of words or word combinations that imitate some natural sound.

• Alliteration, is the use of the similar initial sounds in close succession, aiming at imparting a melodic effect to the utterance.

• Rhythm, is a flow, movement, procedure, etc., characterized by basically regular recurrence of elements or features... [6]

• Rhyme, is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sound combinations of

words

Phonetic stylistic devices are

• the way words sound in combination, often contributes something to the general effect of the message, particularly when the sound effect has been deliberately worked out.

• Separate sounds due to their acoustic properties may awake certain ideas, feelings, images, and emotions. Think of a gentle lapping and bubbling of w'ater... Wliat do you feel listening to the screeching of something against a window pane?

• So. different sounds have different effect on us. The sounds of language also create different responses in us and writers and poets use this in their works. By choosing words writers can evoke strong emotional responses and reinforce the meaning they wish to convey.

• The most common sound features are rhyme, rhythm, alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia.

The aesthetic effect of the text is

Composed with the help of sounds and prosody together with the meaning. The sound side of the belles-letters work makes a whole with rhythm and meaning and can’t influence the reader separately

To influence aesthetically the sound part of the text should somehow be

highlightene

Emotional and aesthetic effect - through choosing the words, their arrangement and repetitions.

7