1. Em based on the reduction of sentence structure.

1. Ellipsis the omission from a syntactical construction of one or more words which might be clearly understood from context. Elliptical sentences are regularly employed in conversational English. Being used in fiction, they result in achieving some stylistic effect by:

• giving, speech characteristics, e.g. Not him. sir. Too pleased with himself. Some gentlemen can't act... Too stiff'(A. Christie);

• emphasizing some fact(s). e.g. The robbery. Long Ago. Very valuable emeralds... The lady's made and the tweeny (A. Christie);

• imitating spontaneity, e.g. "Quick - in here," Poirot led the way into the nearest room... "Andyou - behind the curtain"

2. Aposiopesis is a break in speech, while the thought is not completed, which is caused by the speaker's inability or unwillingness to finish the utterance, e.g. "Are you - are you and Paul...? " she stopped, squeezing my arm "It can be - you don V mean.. "

3. Nominative sentences are one-member sentences with a noun, a prepositional noun- phrase. or an adverb. These verbless sentences are grammatically independent. In contrast with elliptical sentences, they have only one principal part, with or without words modifying it. Nominative sentences may produce the effect of:

• increasing the dynamism of narration, e.g. A remarkable woman - a dangerous woman. No wailing - no preparation. This afternoon - this very afternoon - with him here as witness...;

• acquainting the reader with the place or background of action, e.g. Three blocks more... Another three blocks.

4\ Asyndeton - is a deliberate avoidance of conjunctions used to connect sentences, clauses, or words. As far as its stylistic role is concerned, asyndeton creates a certain rhythmical arrangement, usually making the narrative measured, energetic, and tense, e.g. That's all I'm to do, all I want to do (D. Hammett); Tree and hall rose peaceful under the night sky’ and dear full orb; pearly paleness gilded the building; mellow brown gloom bosomed it round; shadows of deep green brooded above its oak-wreathed roof (Ch. Bronte).

2. Em based on the redundancy of sentence structure

H Repetition is a reiteration of the same word or phrase to lay an emphatic stress on certain parts of the sentence.

Various types of repetition can be found in fiction:

ordinary repetition, i.e. a repetition of a word in close succession, e.g. She talked, in fact, and talked, and talked (A. Berkley);

framing or ring repetition, i.e. a repetition in which the opening word or phrase is repeated at the end of the sentence or a group of sentences, e.g. I cooled off where Frank was concerned; he didn't notice, but I cooled off (V. Pritchett);

anadiplosis. or catch repetition, i.e. a repetition of the last word in a sentence or clause at the beginning of the next one. e.g. Yes, but I was afraid, afraid I'd go to one who'd tell Paul. I didn't know who to go to, who I could trust (D. Hammett);

chain repetition, i.e. a combination of catch repetitions, e.g. A smile would come into Mr.Pickwick's face. The smile extended into laugh; the laugh info roar, the roar became general (Ch. Dickens).

syntactic tautology' is the repletion of a part of the sentence, usually the subject, expressed by a noun by a pronoun, sometimes vice versa. Syntactic tautology may be used for the sake of emphasis or to render low colloquial of which it is typical. It is often found in nursery rhymes, and poetry imitating the style of popular ballads, e.g. The Widow Douglass, she took me for her son, and allowed she would civilize me.

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