1 Read the text a and fill in the gaps with the suitable form of the word (1-10). There is an example at the beginning (0).

(0) management

Text A

Perspectives on Knowledge, Information, Data

Before one can begin to talk about knowledge (0) ………………. (manage) (KM), one must start by clearly defining the meaning of the word "knowledge". It is important to understand what constitutes knowledge and what falls under the category of information or data. Unfortunately, this is a more difficult task than may be apparent at first. Within everyday language, within specific fields, and even within the same disciplines, the word "knowledge" often takes on a (1) ……………… (vary) of meanings.

In everyday language we use knowledge all the time. Sometimes we mean know-how, while other times we are talking about wisdom. On many occasions we even use it to refer to information. Part of the difficulty of (2) …………… (define) knowledge arises from its relationship to two other concepts, namely data and information. These two terms are often regarded as lower (3) ……………. (nominate) of knowledge, but the exact relationship varies greatly from one example to another.

Theirauf (1999) defines the three components as follows: data is the lowest point, an (4) ……………….. (structure) collection of facts and figures; information is the next level, and it is regarded as structured data; finally knowledge is defined as "information about information".

However, increasingly one sees definitions that treat knowledge as a more complex and personal concept that incorporate more than just information. The Longman online dictionary has one definition that begins to approach the way that knowledge is usually regarded within KM. It states "the information, skills, and (5)…………….. (understand) that you have gained through learning or experience." Although still (6)……………. (close) associated with information, concepts like skills, understanding, and experience begin to surface.

2 Read the text b, explain the meaning of the notions described.

Text B

Defining Data, Information, and Knowledge

Data: Facts and figures which relay something specific, but which are not organized in any way and which provide no further information regarding patterns, context, etc. I will use the definition for data presented by Thierauf (1999): "unstructured facts and figures that have the least impact on the typical manager."

Information: For data to become information, it must be contextualized, categorized, calculated and condensed (Davenport & Prusak 2000). Information thus paints a bigger picture; it is data with relevance and purpose (Bali et al 2009). It may convey a trend in the environment, or perhaps indicate a pattern of sales for a given period of time. Essentially information is found "in answers to questions that begin with such words as who, what, where, when, and how many" (Ackoff 1999).

IT is usually invaluable in the capacity of turning data into information, particularly in larger firms that generate large amounts of data across multiple departments and functions. The human brain is mainly needed to assist in contextualization.

Knowledge: Knowledge is closely linked to doing and implies know-how and understanding. The knowledge possessed by each individual is a product of his experience, and encompasses the norms by which he evaluates new inputs from his surroundings (Davenport & Prusak 2000).

[8] Forst A. Defining Knowledge, Information, Data. KMT:

An Educational KM Site, 2013

3 Condense and transform the information provided into a graphic form using one of the types of graphic organizers. Consult the ‘Writing Bank’ section.

INFORMATION-ACCUMULATION: READING 1 Answer the following questions.

1. What do you know about the ways of getting new knowledge?

2. Have you ever done a research?

3. What do you know about the components of a research paper?

2 Put the following components of a research process in the correct order:

data collection, background and review of the existing literature, title page, notes, discussion of ‘limitations’, introduction, or problem statement, results and analysis of the data, works cited, abstract, what is being studied and how, appendices, conclusions.

3 Read the following text and describe the concept of ‘research’.