0-m.s.milovzorova._anatomiya_i_fiziologiya_cheloveka. _uchebnik_(medicina,_1972)(ru)(215s)
.pdfɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɢɥɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ: ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɥɟɝɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ. Ɉɛɦɟɧ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨ-
ɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜɥɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ (ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ), ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ, ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɬɢɩ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɧɰɨɜɳɢɤɚ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ « ɛɨɟɜɚɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ » . Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɣ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ— « ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɯɨɪɚɞɤɚ» . ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɤɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ «ɩ ɪ ɟ ɞ ɫ ɬ ɚ ɪ ɬ ɨ ɜ ɨ ɣ
ɚɩ ɚ ɬ ɢ ɢ » (ɜɹɥɨɫɬɶ). Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɭɦɚɥɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɧɟɬɜɟɪɞɨ ɡɧɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɝɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ «ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɚɩɚɬɢɢ» ɜ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ. Ⱥɪɬɢɫɬ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɭɦɟɬɶ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɟɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ.
Ɋɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɂɡ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ -- ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ Ɉɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɢɧɤɟ.
«Ȼɨɟɜɚɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ.
ɋɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɦɢɧɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɨɛɳɟɣ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɭɸ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɦɵɲɰ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ — ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬ ɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɵɲɰ ɧɨɝ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɨɛɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɢ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɬɚɧɰɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɨɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ.
ȼɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ . ɉɟɪɜɵɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɨɪɧɨ-ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ɉɨɡɠɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɨɱɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɧ ɭɞɥɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɬɚɧɰɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ (ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ) ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɨ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛ ɚɞɟ ɭɠɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɍɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɢɞ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ. ɂ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ — ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɬɟɦɩ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɧɟɰ — ɷɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɵɫɬɪɨ ɫɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ (ɦɭɡɵɤɚ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ (ɜ ɞɭɷɬɧɨɦ ɬɚɧɰɟ) ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɹɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ, ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɟɪɜɚɦ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ ɤ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɧɟɪɜɚɦ. ɗɬɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ — ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɨ ɢ ɫ. ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɵɲɰ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɚɧɰɨɜɳɢɤɚ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɦɭɸ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɸ) ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɧɟ ɭɬɨɦɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɚɧɰɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɬɚɧɰɨɜɳɢɤɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɧɹɹ ɤɪɟɩɤɢɣ ɤɨɮɟ ɢ ɢɧɵe ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɲɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. ɉɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɧɚɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɨɫɫɬɚ- ɧ ɨ ɜ ɥ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɹ . ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɟɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɍɚɤ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɚɧɰɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ: ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɵɲɰ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɬɚɧɰɚ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɟɳɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɵɲɰ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɬɞɵɯɚɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɚ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɇɨ ɭ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɭɲɚ, ɦɚɫɫɚɠɚ, ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɱɚɹ, ɲɨɤɨɥɚɞɚ, ɤɚɤɚɨ. ɗɬɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɦɹɝɤɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ ɭ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɂɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɧ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɨɩɨɪɧɨ-ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɱɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɯɨɪɨ-
ɲɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟɧɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɧɥɚ, ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɠɢɪɚ, ɭɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ɇɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɭ ɮɭɬɛɨɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɥɵɠɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ. Ɍɚɤ, ɞɥɹ ɮɭɬɛɨɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɵɠɧɢɤɨɜ — ɢɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ
ɜɯɨɞɟ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟ-
ɧɢ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɚ ɧ ɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɇɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɩ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɵ ɜ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɭɝɚɲɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɧɨɜɶ. ɗɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ. ɇɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦɢ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. ɇɨ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ. ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. ȼ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ, ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼɧɟɲɧɟ, ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɹɥɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɱɭɬɤɨɦ ɫɧɟ. Ʉ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɬɪɟɧɢɪɨ- ɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɫɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɜ ɭ ɫɟɛɹ ɷɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚɪɬɢɫɬ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ. Ɉɧ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɜɵɡɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɪɚɧɧɸɸ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɟɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɤɨ ɡɚɲɟɞɲɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɟɫɫɨɧɧɢɰɟɣ ɢ ɭɱɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɭɥɶɫɚ,
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ — ɭ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ) ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɩɩɟɬɢɬɚ, ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɭɬɨɦɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɪɟɡɤɨɣ ɨɞɵɲɤɨɣ. ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɜɪɚɱɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ, ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɧ ɩɪɢ ɚɜɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ ɨɛɳɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦɢ, ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ (ɩɪɢ ɧɟɭɦɟɥɵɯ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɯ ɞɟɜɨɱɟɤ ɩɨɯɭɞɟɬɶ), ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ.
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ (ɩɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɪɚɱɚ) ɩɪɢɟɦ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ ɋ ɢ ȼ1 Ɉɧɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɵɲɰ.
ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ ɋ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚ- ɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ. ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ ȼ1 ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɵɲɰɭ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ.
ɋɚɯɚɪ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɱɚɟ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɵɲɰ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɚɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɦ ɩɢɳɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɚɹ. ȼ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ, ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɨɜɫɹɧɨɣ ɤɚɲɟ ɢ ɩɲɟɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɯɥɟɛɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɵɲɰ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɟ — ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɬɟɥɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɵɯ. ɉɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ. ɇɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
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Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɞɵɯɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɤɨɜ ɬɚɧɰɚ ɢ ɪɟɩɟɬɢɰɢɣ? ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɢɥɢɳ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɨɛɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɧɟɬ. ȼɟɞɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɤɢ ɫɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ ɭɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɨɞɟɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɡɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ: ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ. ɉ ɚ ɫ ɫ ɢ ɜ ɧ ɵ ɣ — ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɧɵɣɩɨɤɨɣ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɞɵɯ ɨɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ.
Ⱦɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɨɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɂ. Ɇ. ɋɟɱɟɧɨɜ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɧ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɥ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɭ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɪɭɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɨɟ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɪɭɤɚ ɨɬɞɵɯɚɥɚ, ɚ ɥɟɜɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɣ.
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ, ɢɞɭɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɪɭɤɢ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɧɵɟ (ɡɚɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ) ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɜɲɟɣ ɪɭɤɢ. ɂ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ, ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɧɟɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɨɟ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ, ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɨɣ.
ɇɚɦ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɗɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ, ɫɦɟɧɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ (ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ) ɨɬɞɨɯɧɭɬɶ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɨɣ ɬɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɵɯ.
ɪɚɡɧɭɸ Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ — ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ, ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɭɡɵɤɨɣ ɢ ɬ. ɞ., ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɬɞɵɯɚɟɬ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɵɯ.
ɋɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ. ȼ ɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ: ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫɨɧ, ɚɩɩɟɬɢɬ, ɠɚɠɞɚ, ɜɟɫ, ɩɭɥɶɫ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɋɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɢ ɜ ɤɨɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɜɪɚɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɚɪɬɢɫɬ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɟɝɨ ɜɪɚɱ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ.
Ⱥɪɬɢɫɬɚɦ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɟ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɟɣ, ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɭɸ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ƚ Ʌ Ʌ ȼ Ʌ V
ɄɊɈȼɖ ɂ ɄɊɈȼɈɈȻɊȺɓȿɇɂȿ
§ 48. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ
Ɍɤɚɧɹɦ ɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ. ɇɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɠɢɞɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. ɋ ɟɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɢɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ, ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɨ ɪ ɝ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɡ ɦ ɚ |
ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ |
ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɬ ɤ ɚ ɧ ɟ ɜ ɚ ɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɥɢɦɮɚ ɢ |
ɤ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɶ . |
Ɍɤɚɧɟɜɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɡɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ ɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ. ȿɣ ɠɟ ɨɬɞɚɸɬ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ. ɂɡ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ.
Ʌɢɦɮɚ. Ʌɢɦɮɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɬɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ (ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ) ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɥɢɦɮɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ: ɨɬ 270 ɞɨ 300 ɦɦ ɜ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ.
Ʉɪɨɜɶ, ɥɢɦɮɚ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ. ɂɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɟɧ. Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. Ɉɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
§ 49. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ
Ʉɪɨɜɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ. əɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɤɪɨɜɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ʉɪɨɜɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɢ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɚ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɧɭɠɧɵɟ, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɂɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. Ʉɪɨɜɶ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɯ ɤ ɩɨɬɨɜɵɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ ɤɨɠɢ ɢ ɩɨɱɤɚɦ. ɂɡɥɢɲɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ.
Ʉɪɨɜɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ. ȼ ɧɟɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ (ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ) ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɜɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɭ.
Ⱦɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɤ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɨɬ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤɪɨɜɢ — ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 53). ɉɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɟɬ ɬɤɚɧɹɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ. ȼ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɨɧɚ ɨɬɞɚɟɬ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ.
Ɂɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ʉɪɨɜɶ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɬ ɹɞɨɜɢɬɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ. ɉɨɩɚɜ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɹɞɨɜɢɬɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɟɡɜɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɟɣ- ɤɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ—ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 52).
Ɍɟɩɥɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ʉɪɨɜɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɬɟɥɚ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɹ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ, ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ, ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɬ ɦɵɲɰ ɤ ɤɨɠɟ.
§ 50. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɂɡ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɞɪɟɜ-
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