0-m.s.milovzorova._anatomiya_i_fiziologiya_cheloveka. _uchebnik_(medicina,_1972)(ru)(215s)

ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɤɟɥɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɩ ɨ ɹ ɫ ɚ ɜ ɟ ɪ ɯ ɧ ɢ ɯ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫ -

ɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ, ɢ ɫ ɜ ɨ ɛ ɨ ɞ ɧ ɨ ɣ ɜ ɟ ɪ ɯ ɧ ɟ ɣ

ɤɨ ɧ ɟ ɱ ɧɨɫ ɬ ɢ (ɪɭɤɢ).

ɉɨɹɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɤɥɸɱɢɰɚɦɢ. Ʌ ɨ ɩ ɚ ɬ ɤ ɚ (ɪɢɫ. 31) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚ-

ɉɨɞɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɭɤɢ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɤɥɸɱɢɰɵ.

ɋɤɟɥɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ — ɩɥɟɱɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɥɟɱɶɹ ɢ ɤɢɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫ. 32, 2, 3, 4). ɉɥɟɱɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɶɸ (5), ɩɪɟɞɩɥɟɱɶɟ — ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ (6, 7). Ʉɢɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ: ɡɚɩɹɫɬɶɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɤɨɫɬɨɱɟɤ (8), ɩɹɫɬɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ 5 ɤɨɫɬɟɣ (9), ɢ ɮɚɥɚɧɝɢ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ (10). ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɚɥɟɰ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɟ,

ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ — ɩɨ ɬɪɢ ɮɚɥɚɧɝɢ.

ɋɭɫɬɚɜɵ ɪɭɤɢ: ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ (11), ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɣ (12), ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ (13), ɦɟɠɡɚɩɹɫɬɧɵɣ (14), ɡɚɩɹɫɬɧɨ-ɩɹɫɬɧɵɣ (15), ɩɹɫɬɧɨɮɚɥɚɧɝɨɜɵɟ (16), ɦɟɠɮɚɥɚɧɝɨɜɵɟ (17).

ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɭɝɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɥɸɫɧɵ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɨɩɨɪɧɭɸ, ɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ — ɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ «ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ» ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɞɚ. ɋɜɨɞɵ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɨɩɵ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɬɨɥɱɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɥɚ.

ɋɭɫɬɚɜɵ ɧɨɝɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 33): ɬ ɚ ɡ ɨ ɛ ɟ ɞ ɪ ɟ ɧ ɧ ɵ ɣ (17),

ɤɨ ɥ ɟ ɧ ɧ ɵ ɣ (18), ɝ ɨ ɥ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɫ ɬ ɨ ɩ ɧ ɵ ɣ (19), ɫ ɭ ɫ ɬ ɚ ɜɵ

ɫɬ ɨ ɩ ɵ (20), ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ

ɢɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɨɝɢ. §31. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ

ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ. ɇɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ, ɦɚɥɨɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨ — ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɢ,

ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ: ɜɵɩɭɤɥɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɚ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɦɵɲɰ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ, ɢ «ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɧɢɹ» ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.

ɋɭɫɬɚɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧ ɫ ɜ ɹ ɡ ɤ ɚ ɦ ɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɢ, ɜ ɟɟ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ.

ɋɜɹɡɤɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.

Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚɯ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɩɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ: ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ, ɤɨɧɭɫ, ɲɚɪ ɢ ɞɪ. ɗɬɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ.

Ɋɢɫ. 36 (Ʌ, Ȼ, ȼ).

ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɵ ɲɚɪɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ, ɛɥɨɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ, ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ.

ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨ ɫ ɟ ɣ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɭ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɲɚɪɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɲɚɪɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɟɣ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɇɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ

ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 36, Ⱥ). ɗɬɨ ɩ ɨ ɩ ɟ ɪ ɟ ɱ ɧ ɚ ɹ ɨɫɶ (1), ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨ-

ɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶ-

Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɨɫɶ — ɩ ɟ ɪ ɟ ɞ ɧ ɟ-ɡ ɚ ɞ ɧ ɹ ɹ — ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ. ȼɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɫɟɣ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ, ɬɟɦ ɨɧ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɟɣ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɵ ɬɪɟɯɨɫɧɵɟ, ɞɜɭɯɨɫ- ɧ ɵ ɟ ɢɨɞɧɨɨɫɧɵɟ .

ɉɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ. ɉɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ (ɪɢɫ. Ɂ6, Ȼ) ɲɚɪɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ. Ɉɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɣ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫ-

ɬɢ (1) ɢ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɨɣ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ (2). Ƚɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɩɥɟɱɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ 1/3 ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɭ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ. ɉɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ɬɪɟɯɨɫɧɵɣ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ: ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɟɱɚ (ɜɩɟɪɟɞ) ɢ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ (ɧɚɡɚɞ), ɨɬ- ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ—ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɫɭɩɢɧɚɰɢɹ—ɩɪɨɧɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ. ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɚɯ. ɉɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ — ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

Ɍɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ. Ɍɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ (ɪɢɫ. 36, ȼ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɲɚɪɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ. ȿɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɲɚɪɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ (3) ɢ ɜɟɪɬɥɭɠɧɚɹ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɤɪɚɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ (4) ɜɢɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ.

ɉɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ɫɯɨɞɟɧ ɫ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɵɦ, ɧɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɬɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɭɸ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɭ. Ʉ ɤɪɚɸ ɜɟɪɬɥɭɠɧɨɣ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɫ ɭ ɫ ɬ ɚ ɜ ɧ ɚ ɹ ɝ ɭ ɛ ɚ , ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ.

Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɯɨɫɧɨɦ ɬɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɬɟ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧ ɜ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɦ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɧɢ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɚɯɨɦ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩ ɨ ɞ ɜ ɢ ɠ ɧ ɨ ɟ ɬ ɢ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɜɟɪɬɥɭɠɧɚɹ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɟɪɬɟɥ.

ɋɜɹɡɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɬɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ. ɋɚɦɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨ- ɛ ɟ ɞ ɪ ɟ ɧ ɧ ɚ ɹ ɫ ɜ ɹ ɡ ɤ ɚ . Ɉɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɟɠɜɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɛɟɞɪɚ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ. ȿɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ I ɫɦ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɝɪɭɡ ɜ 350 ɤɝ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɧɢɢ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɬɚɡ ɨɬ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ, ɚ ɬɟɥɨ ɨɬ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɟɲɚɟɬ ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɪɨɜɥ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ

ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɞɪɨ.

ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ, ɢɯ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɟɥɢɤ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɧɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɵ. Ɇɵɲɰɚɦ, ɫɭɲɲɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɛɟɞɪɨ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɵɲɰɵ-ɩɪɨɧɚɬɨɪɵ ɛɟɞɪɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɬɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɫ ɧɨɝɢ --- ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 7,5 ɤɝ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ.

Ƚɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɜɟɪɬɥɭɠɧɚɹ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ, ɱɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɚɦɩɥɢ- T \ J . ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɞɪɚ

(ɪɢɫ. 37 Ⱥ) ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɟɪɬɟɥ (1) ɭɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɜɟɪɬɥɭɠɧɨɣ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ (2) ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ.

ȼɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɚɧɰɚ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɵ ɜ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɬ ɧ ɨ ɟ , ɩ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɧɨɝ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɚ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ. ȼɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɭɩɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɞɪɚ. ɇɚ ɧɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɜɟɪɬɥɭɠɧɵɯ ɜɩɚɞɢɧ ( ɪɢɫ. 37, Ȼ) . ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɪɬɥɭɠɧɵɟ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ (ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɧɚɡɚɞ) ( 1 ) . Ƚɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɟɪɬɥɭɠɧɵɟ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ «ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɬɚɡ» (2), ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɥɟɧɶ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ. Ʉ 10—12 ɝɨɞɚɦ ɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ, ɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɛɟɪɱɨɜɚɹ — ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ. ɋɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɟɪɰɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɨɪɨɬɭ ɧɨɫɤɨɜ ɫɬɨɩ ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɥɟɧɶ. ɉɪɢ «ɤɨɫɨɥɚɩɨɫɬɢ» ɧɨɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ «ɜ ɤɨ-

ɥɟɧɟ» ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ.

ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɨɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ ɫɭɩɢɧɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɧɚɬɨɪɵ. ɑɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɟɞɪɨ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ «ɜ ɛɟɞɪɚɯ». ɇɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɦɵɲɰ-ɫɭɩɢ- ɧɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɵɲɰɵ-ɩɪɨɧɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɦɟɲɚɸɬ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɛɟɞɪɨ ɜɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɹ ɫɭɩɢɧɚɬɨɪɵ ɛɟɞɪɚ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɧɚɬɨɪɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ.

ȼɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɞɪɚ (ɪɢɫ. 37, ȼ) ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɤɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɝɢ: ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɟɪɬɟɥ (1) ɭɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɤɪɚɣ ɜɟɪɬɥɭɠɧɨɣ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ, ɧɟ ɭɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɟ.

Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ. Ɉɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɩɢɧɚɬɨɪɵ ɛɟɞɪɚ, ɝɨɥɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɬɨɩɵ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɬɟɥɚ. ɍɦɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɧɚɬɨɪɵ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ.

ȼɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɝ ɜ ɛɚɥɟɬɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ. ɍɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɨɝɭ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɝ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɚɧɰɚ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɢ.

Ɋɢɫ. 37 (Ⱥ, Ȼ, ȼ).

Ʉɨɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ. Ʉɨɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ (ɪɢɫ. 38) ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɣ (1), ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɟɪɰɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ (2) ɧɚɞɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɨɣ (3). Ɉɧ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ. ɋɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɇɟɫɨɨɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɦɟɧɢɫɤɚɦɢ (4), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɞɜɚ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɩɨɥɭɥɭɩɩɨɧ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦ ɵ ɳ ɟ ɥ ɤ ɨ ɜ (5) ɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɟɧɢɫɤɢɚɦɨɪɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɬɨɥɱɤɢ.

ɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɧɭɬɨɣ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɧɟ ɢ ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɟɧɢ. Ɍɪɚɜɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ, ɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɧɨɝɟ. Ɋ ɚ ɫ ɬ ɹ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɫ ɜ ɹ ɡ ɨ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɨɥɹɦɢ ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɦ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɫ ɤ ɦ ɨ ɠ ɟ ɬ ɫ ɞ ɜ ɢ ɧ ɭ ɬ ɶ ɫ ɹ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɫɨ-

ɧɚɰɢɹ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɟɧɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɧɨɝɚ ɩɪɢɫɨɝɧɭɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɧɟ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɤɪɟɫɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ (8), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ.

ɂɡ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɬɪɟ-

ɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, rond ge jamb en l'air), ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɜɵ-

ɩɪɹɦɥɟɧɢɟ (ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ) ɤɨɥɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ. ɗɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚ-