9. Знайдіть англійські еквіваленти.

Гірничий факультет, будівельний факультет, викладацький склад, аспірантура, колишній випускник, дослідницька лабораторія, обчислювальний центр, періодичні видання, проводити дослідження, економіка, риночні відносини, спортивна зала, гуртожиток, художня самодіяльність, кваліфікований фахівець.

10. Знайдіть українські еквіваленти.

Was founded; higher school; day-time; correspondence form of education; to have smth. at one’s disposal; automation of industrial processes department; lecture-room; the latest instruments; to take part in research; to work hard; to have an opportunity; construction sites.

Тексти для читання та перекладу

WHAT IS A SOCIETY?

The concept "society," like the concept "culture," is one of the basic building blocks used by sociology to better understand the world in which we live. We defined society as the interacting people who share a common culture. This is an intentionally broad definition, since the concept of society must encompass virtually all of the organizations and institutions we will encounter from families to nations.

Yet because this definition is so broad, it leaves many questions unanswered. Is the United States one society or many? Is there a middle-class society that is different from working-class society? Is there a society of Italian Americans that is distinct from a society of African Americans? Is there a society of thieves that exists outside the society of law-abiding citizens? If we speak of "American society," are we referring only to people in the United States, or are we including people living in Canada? Do we want to include people from Mexico and Uruguay as part of "American society"?

There are no hard and fast rules that determine what constitutes a "society" and what does not. At one time the notion of shared territory was also a part of the definition of society, restricting the term to people who occupy a fixed geographical space. While such a definition made sense at a time when the vast majority of people had contact primarily with others who lived within a few miles, it no longer makes sense today. Modern communications technology enables us to' interact by telephone, fax machine, and electronic mail with people thousands of miles away.

Many sociologists belong to the International Sociological Association, a society of people who share the common culture of sociology yet are dispersed around the world. Television fan clubs, labor unions, and religious organizations are but three of the thousands of societies that enable people who share a common culture to interact with one another, yet which are not bounded by geography. In fact, one of the key aspects of globalization is that it involves vastly increased social relations with people who are geographically distant, and therefore permits the creation of societies that are not territorially bounded.

Words

encompass	охоплювати
share the same culture	Належати до одн/'ei' культури
law-abiding	законослухняний
bounded	обмежений

MY FAMILY

Before I start talking about my family let me introduce myself. I am Sveta Petrenko. I am 17. I have left school this year. I was born in Kyyiv, so I have been living in Kyyiv since my childhood.

And now 1 am going to tell you about my family. We are a family of five. We think we are a large and friendly family. So we are happy to be living together and are getting on all right.

To begin with, I am going to talk first about my father. His name is Sergey Petrovich, he is 45. He works as a surgeon in a hospital. He is neither old, nor young. He is a good-looking man, handsome, rather thin with dark brown hair just beginning to go grey. He is a very sociable person. What I don't like about my dad is that he is always busy. Very often he works overtime. He is a bread-maker in our family. He is fond of going to the country on week-ends, because he enjoys working in the garden.

My mother's name is Galina Nickolayevna. She is three years younger than my father. She works as a teacher at a nursery school. My mother is rather slim and pretty, she is always elegant and smart. In short, she is a pleasant-looking woman of about 40. She always has a lot of work to do both at school and about the house. She is fond of her work and spends a lot of time there. But she has to cook the food for all the family at home. Shopping and cooking is nearly half a day's work for her. But my granny and I are in a habit of helping her about the house.

Boris is my elder brother. He is six years senior to me. So he is 23 already. He has graduated from the University and he is an economist by profession now. Boris is married. His wife is a journalist. They are three in the family. They have got a child, my nephew. It is a lovely little boy of two with golden hair and dark brown eyes and a spirit that is always bright and happy, full of joy and gaiety.

And finally a few words about my granny. To tell you the truth, she is my best friend. She always listens to my endless stories about my friends and my school life. She is retired on pension now but in her youth and her older age she worked as a teacher in a school. I must admit, she is a very understanding person.

Put it into a few words, we are a united and friendly family.

The Royal Family

At present the British royal family is headed by Queen Elizabeth. When the Queen was bom on the 21-st of April 1926, her grandfather, King George V, was on the throne and her uncle was his heir. The death of her grandfather and the abdication of her uncle brought her father to the throne as King George VI.

As a child she studied constitutional history and law as well as art and music. In addition she learned to ride and acquired her enthusiasm for horses. As she grew older she began to take part in public life, making her first broadcast at the age of 14.

The marriage of the young Princess Elizabeth to Philip, Duke of Edinburgh took place in November 1947. She came to the throne after her father's death in 1952 and was crowned in Westminster Abbey in June 1953.

Among Queen Elizabeth's many duties are the regular visits she makes to foreign countries, and especially those of the Commonwealth, whose interests and welfare are very important to her. The Queen has done much to signify the formalities of the monarchy, including allowing the BBC to make a documentary film about the every day of the royal family. She also started the tradition of the "walkabout", an informal feature of an otherwise formal royal visit, when she walks among the public crowds and stops to talk to some people.

The annual Christmas broadcast made by the Queen on radio and television has become a traditional and popular feature of the season, and there were widespread celebrations and special programmes of events in 1977 to mark her Silver Jubilee.

The Queen's husband, Duke of Edinburgh, was born in 1926 and served in the Royal Navy. He takes a great deal of interest in industry, in the achievements of young people (he founded Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in 1956) and in saving raise wild animals from extinction.

The Queen's heir is Charles, Prince of Wales, who was born in 1948, married Lady Diana Spencer and has two children, Prince William and Prince Harry. The Prince of Wales is well-known as a keen promoter of British interests.

In recent years he has become outspoken on such controversial topics as modern architecture, violence in films and on television, and standard of English teaching in schools. His wife Diana, Princess of Wales (often called in mass media Princess Di), has won the affection of many people by her modesty, shyness and beauty. She is one of the most popular members of the Royal Family, widely admired for her commitment to helping children throughout the charities of which she is patron and her support for the aged and ill, particularly AIDS sufferers.

The Queen's other children are Princess Anne (born in 1950), Prince Andrew (born in I960) and Prince Edward (born in 1964). Anne, Princess Royal, has acquired a reputation for being arrogant, but in recent years has become quite popular with the general public.

She is widely known for her interest in horses and horse-racing. She is now the president of the Save the Children Fund, Chancellor of the University of London and carries out many public engagements.

Prince Andrew, Duke of York, served as a helicopter pilot in the Royal Navy. In 1986 he married Miss Sarah Ferguson (Fergie, for short) and has two daughters. Prince Edward is keen on the theatre. This interest began while he was at university. He quitted the Royal Marines, and is now pursuing a career with a theatrical company.

The Queen Mother, the widow of the late King George VI, celebrated her ninety birthday in 1990 and continued to carry out many public engagements every year. The Queen's only sister, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, is one of the most unconventional members of the royal family. She is well-known for her charity work, including her support for Barbados, the Girl Guides Association, and the St. John Ambulance Brigade.

MY HOME

I would like to tell you a few words about my home. To begin with, 1 want to tell you that 1 live in Kyyiv, one of the largest and oldest cities of Europe. It is one of the most ancient cities located on the picturesque banks of the Dnieper River.

Our family live in a new flat in one of the largest newly built residential areas. We moved into our flat seven years ago. It is a three-room flat on the fifth floor of an eight-storeyed building. It consists of a living-room, a study, a bedroom, a kitchen, a bathroom, two closets and a lavatory. There are two balconies in our flat: the first one is in the living room, and the second — in the bedroom. Our flat has all modern conveniences: central heating, running cold and hot water, electricity, telephone and gas. Besides, there is a lift and a garbage disposal in our building. The layout is very good, 1 must admit. The rooms are light, though not very large. In my opinion, it's quite a modern-looking flat. The windows face the park in front of the buidling and the view is really wonderful.

Our living-room is quite a big room of about 19 square metres. It is the largest room in our flat. As my parents don't like much furniture in the house, so in the living room there are two comfortable armchairs and a sofa, coffee-table and a nice thick carpet on the floor. Opposite the window there is a wall unit, but it doesn't take much space in the room. Of course there is a colour TV set, a stereo cassette-recorder and a record-player in the living-room. A nice chandelier is hanging from the ceiling and there is a standard lamp to the left of the sofa. During the day, the light comes in through the window, but at night when it gets dark, we switch on the light and draw the curtains across the windows. We like to receive our guests in this room.

And now I would like to describe our study. At first it was my daddy's room, but as I grew older, it has become mine. To tell you the truth, I am very happy to have a room for myself, that's why I always try to keep it tidy and cosy. There is a sofa, a writing table, a bookcase, a wardrobe in my room. On the wail there are some shelves full of English, Ukrainian and Russian books. There is a radio set on the shelf and, I must confess, I like to listen to the wireless in the evening. The dressing-table is next to the sofa. In the chest of drawers I keep clean linen and handkerchiefs and in the wardrobe I keep my clothes, which I hang on coat-hangers. I have two water-colours on the wall above the sofa. They are nice copies of my favourite paintings by Serov.

Our bedroom is the smallest room in our flat. At night when my parents feel tired and sleepy, they share this room.

But the most popular and favourite place with all of us is the kitchen, as we spend most of our time there. We all are not big-eaters, but use the kitchen as a place where we can have a chat about our problems and life.

In the kitchen there are some stools, a table, a cupboard, a sink with water taps, a fridge and a gas cooker. Of course, we usually have our meals there.

We like our flat very much. It is important that our house is rather close to the underground station and we can easily get to any place we like.

MY WORKING DAY

I want to describe you my daily actions which I did, more or less regularly, on weekdays during my final year at school. There was little variation in my life then, all days except weekends looked very much the same.

On weekdays my working day began early in the morning. As a matter of fact, I am not an early-riser, that's why 1 hate getting up early, but 1 got used to it, I usually got up at about 7 o'clock. Then I did my morning exercises and went to the bathroom to wash my face and hands with a soap and clean my teeth with a toothpaste. I didn't take a shower in the morning, I generally did it late in the evening before going to bed. At a quarter past seven I was ready to have my breakfast. As a rule, I had a quick light breakfast which consisted of a cup of coffee or tea, a boiled egg or an omelette and a cheese or sausage sandwich. After breakfast I put on my coat, took my bag and left for school.

As my school is not far from my house, it took me 10 minutes to get there. I never took a bus or a trolley-bus on my way to school, I usually walked there.

Six or seven lessons a day was the ordinary timetable. I seldom had lunch in the canteen, because I usually had packed one in my bag (an apple and a sandwich).

The classes at school were over at about three o'clock. Twice a week I stayed at school later to play table-tennis or was busy with the English language club.

When I came home my mother always had dinner ready just in time. Then I changed my school uniform and had a rest. While resting, I listened to the music or looked through the newspapers or magazines. Then I started doing my home assignments. It took me about five hours to cope with my homework properly. I normally finished doing my homework at 10 o'clock in the evening. So I hadn't much time for television and friends, because I had to work hard at all the subjects during my final year at school. But sometimes I managed to see an interesting film. I did well in most school subjects without any effort. Besides, 1 have managed to help my mother about the house and do our shopping, go to the library and have private lessons in English in order to improve it.

And I must admit, that school life was a very interesting page of my life. I had good friends at school and some lessons were interesting.

After supper I usually relaxed for some time and then went on with my homework.

As a rule, I went to bed at about 11 o'clock or even later.

LEISURE-TIME ACTIVITIES

(MY DAYS OFF) AND HOLIDAYS

On weekdays I usually go to school, but on my days off I prefer to rest. I think it is important for us to rest after hard work. That's why our weekends are more attractive than weekdays. At our leisure time we go in for sports, read the books, go to the library, the cinema, the theatre, the park, the museum, the exhibition. Sometimes we go to the zoo or the circus and enjoy ourselves watching animals. As a rule, we try to spend most of time outdoors. Some people prefer to go to the country to see their relatives and friends. In winter we like to go to the winter forest to ski and skate. After having such a pleasant rest in the open air, you are always happy to return home and have a rest sitting near the TV-set and watching an interesting TV programme. In summer and spring picnics are popular with schoolchildren and their parents. They are fond of picnics chiefly because they have an excellent opportunity to admire the beauty of nature, to run on the grass and to play interesting games, to have a bite without observing table manners. But the most exciting event is making a fire. The children are fond of collecting wood in the forest and sitting round the fire. And again, they like to return home after a picnic. And now they think that "there is no place like home" as saying goes.

Many people like to go to the cinema and theatre on weekends and holidays and enjoy seeing an interesting film or performance.

As for me, my days off are normally like this. I hate getting up early and on weekends I can afford to wake up later than usual. As a rule, I get up at 8 o'clock. Then I do my morning exercises, wash my face and hands and brush my teeth. After having breakfast I relax a little: listen to a lovely stereo music and try to forget about all my problems. Then I can visit my friends and have a chat with them about our life. Sometimes my friends and I go to the museum or art exhibition. As a rule, my activities on weekends depend on my plans, but in any case I manage to do a lot of things and to have a rest. I always try to do my best to have a really good time. But unfortunately time flies very quickly on weekends, and the next Monday morning comes, and I am looking forward to my next days off.

GENERAL PATTERN OF EDUCATION IN THE USA

The general pattern of education in the USA eight-year elementary school, followed by a four-year high school. This has been called 8-4 plan organizations It is proceeded, in many localities, by nursery school and kindergartens. It is followed by a four-year college professional schools. This traditional pattern, however, has been varied in many different ways. The 6-3-3 plan consists of a six-year elementary school, a three-year junior high school, and a three-year senior high school. Another variation is a 6-6 plan organization, with a six-year elementary school followed by a six-year secondary school.

American education provides a program for children, beginning at the age of 6 and continuing up to the age of 16 in some of the states, and to 18 in others.

The elementary school in the United States is generally cohsi-dered to include the first six or eight grades of the common-school system, depending upon the organization that has been accepted for the secondary school. It has been called the "grade school" or the "grammar school".

There is no single governmental agency to prescribe for the American school system, different types of organization and of curriculum are tried out.

The length of the school year varies among the states. Wide variation exists also in the length of the school day. A common practice is to have school in session from 9:00 to 12:00 in the morning and from 1:00 to 3:30 in the afternoon, Monday through Friday. The school day for the lower grades is often from 30 minutes to an hour shorter. Most schools require some homework to be done by elementary pupils.

Words

general pattern	головні засади
nursery school	ясельні групи
kindergarten	дитсадок
grade	ступінь, складова

UKRAINE AND GREAT BRITAIN

Both Ukraine and Great Britain lie in Europe, but Ukraine is situated on the European continent and Great Britain is separated from the continent by the English channel. In fact Britain is a sea country. It lies on the crossways of the sea routes to the different parts of the world. Great Britain is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the north-west, by the North Sea in the east, and by the Irish Sea in the west.

Ukraine is a landlocked country. The major water bodies bordering it are the Black Sea and the Azov Sea in the south. It lies on the crossways of the land routes from the east to the west and from the north to the south, though Ukraine is larger than Great Britain. The area of Great Britain is 24,500 square kilometers, and the area of Ukraine is about 604,000 square kilometers. In both countries there are a lot of mountains. In Great Britain there are the Pennines and the Cambrian mountains. In Ukraine we have the Carpathians and the Crimean mountains.

There are a lot of rivers in both countries. In Great Britain they are not very long or deep. The largest rivers in Ukraine are the Dniepro, the Dniester, and the Southern Bug. The Dniper is navigated by large ships. In Great Britain the Thames is wide and deep enough for large ships. The climate in Ukraine is continental. We have frosty winters and sometimes rainy summers. The climate of Great Britain is mild and damp. The winters are not too cold and seldom frosty, and summers are not too hot. The climate is moderated by ocean breezes.

Words

crossways of the sea routes	на перехрестях морських маршрутів
landlocked	замкнута
frosty	морозний

GREAT BRITAIN TODAY

Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy. The British constitution is not a single document. It consists partly of statutes (laws passed by Parliament) and of documents such as the Magna Carta (a charter passed in 1215 to limit the monarch's power). It also includes common law (laws based on custom and supported in the courts). Much of the Constitution is not even written. These unwritten parts include many important ideas and practices that have developed over the years.

Queen Elizabeth II is Britain's head of state. Her powers are largely ceremonial, however, and a Cabinet of ministers actually rules the country. The Cabinet is responsible to Parliament, which makes the laws of GB.

The Parliament consists of the monarch, the House of Commons, and the House of Lords. The queen must approve all bills passed by Parliament before they become laws, but no monarch has rejected a bill since the early 1700's. The prime minister, who is usually the leader of the political party with the most seats in the House of Commons, serves as the head of government. The monarch appoints the prime minister after each general election. The prime minister selects about 100 ministers to head governmental offices and chooses the Cabinet.

GB is a densely populated country, and about 93 per cent of the people live in urban areas. English is the official language, but some people in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland speak their national language.

Most of the British are descendants of the many early people who invaded GB, including the Celts, Romans, Angles, Saxons, Scandinavians, and Normans. However, since the late 1950's, many immigrants from Commonwealth countries have settled in GB. Their arrival has created housing and racial problems in the country's crowded urban areas.

There are many divisions in British life. Scotland and England have their national churches, and there are separate legal and educational systems in England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. For centuries, the British people were also separated by a rigid class system. Most of these class barriers were greatly reduced during World War II.

NORTHERN IRELAND

Northern Ireland consists of the north-eastern section of the island of Ireland. It is often called Ulster. Ulster was the name of a large province of British-controlled Ireland until 1920. In 1920, Great Britain separated Northern Ireland from the rest of Ireland in order to create separate governments for the predominantly Protestant north and the mostly Roman Catholic south. The majority of the Northern Irish people, who are protestants of English or Scottish descent, supported the separation. But many Roman Catholics in both the north and the south refused to accept the division. In 1921, the south became the self-governing Irish Free State, now the independent Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland continues to be united with Great Britain.

Beginning in 1921, militant Irish groups, particularly the Irish Republican Army (IRA), attacked British government army in Northern Ireland, hoping to force the British to give up control. In the 1960's, the Roman Catholic minority held marches demanding an end to economic and political discrimination. The police reacted with violence. In 1972 Britain established direct rule over Northern Ireland. The violence continued until 31 August, 1994 when the IRA declared a stop of war. In February 1995, the British and Irish governments invented a peace plan. But in 1996 IRA exploded a bomb in London. Northern Ireland is a land of rolling plains and low mountains. The fertile plains cover the central part of the country. Green valleys and low mountains lie along the country's coast. The countryside оГNorthern Ireland is dotted with lakes called loughs.

About 20 per cent of the people live in Belfast, the capital and the largest city. Belfast is also the country's manufacturing and trading center, many of mills, shipyards, and aircraft plants are located there. However, the country's economy depends mainly on service industries, which employ about 75 per cent of the workers.

Agriculture is also an important industry. About 30 per cent of the population lives in rural areas. Life in Northern Ireland is more like British life then like life in the Republic of Ireland. Such sports as soccer, cricket, and golf are popular pastimes, and pubs play an important role in social life.

Words

predominantly	переважно
descent	конфесія
accept the division	прийняти поділ
militant	войовничий
explode a bomb	підірвати міну
violence	насильство
shipyard	верф
pub	паб (їдальня ресторанного типу, де часто можна отримати кімнату для ночівлі)

DIVERSITY OF PEOPLE AND GLOBALISATION

Diversity refers to the social relations and interaction of many different kinds of people. It is obvious that there is enormous plant and animal diversity in the world, a diversity which not only makes the world an interesting place in which to live but which many biologists now regard as important for human survival. At the Rio Conference, delegates debated a treaty to preserve the biological diversity of the millions of plant and animal species that are currently threatened with extinction, among other reasons, such "biodiversity" is important because a diverse range of plants and animals means a greater variety of medicines, more foods for human use, and ecologically stable environments.

The same is true with human diversity. There is an enormous range of human beliefs, behaviors, and forms of social organization on the planet today. Such diversity brings with it a richness of experience, customs, and knowledge that, when openly shared, can prove crucial to the quality of our common humcfn future. At the same time, as with plant and animal diversity, human social and cultural diversity is today challenged.

One challenge to human diversity is a relatively new, one — globalization. This challenge carries with it both promises and problems. Globalization entails the emergence of a single, unified global economy, which today touches people in even the most remote reaches of the planet; global culture, in which television, film, and other forms of mass communication create similarities of style, beliefs, and behavior; and global political organizations such as the United Nations, which alter local political practices.

Words

challenged	заперечується
diversity	різноманітність
alter	змінювати, переробляти
remote	віддалений

THE UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations is the preeminent example of an international governmental organization (IGO). It was founded in 1945 with 51 members, a number that has increased to 180 today — including 27 added since 1990 alone, mainly new nations created out of the former Soviet Union and its satellite countries in Eastern Europe. Its members reflect numerous different cultures and societies, speak a bewildering array of different languages, and present an enormous range of interests and concerns. Yet this global organization manages to function effectively in a number of vital areas and has assumed increasing importance in recent years

The United Nations is a formal bureaucratic organization that relies on a large number of specialized agencies to conduct its daily business, reflecting the range of problems and issues that exist in an increasingly interdependent world. Some agencies are concerned with fostering improved global communications in the areas of mail and telecommunications, aviation, weather, and ocean navigation. Others seek to enhance social welfare and promote peace. The latter include agencies concerned with global labor, food and agriculture, refugees, health, education, culture, banking and finance, trade, and economic development.

Although the United Nations has engaged in a small number of peacekeeping and military operations, its major importance has been in other areas. For example, it has enacted a number of arms control treaties that restrict or prohibit the use of nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare. It has also adopted a "planetary management" perspective calling for action in areas deemed especially important to the future of the planet. These include the global population explosion and the growth of enormous, impoverished cities; the status of women and human rights; global poverty and hunger; the growth of deserts, and balancing economic development with protection of the planetary environment.

The United Nations, like all IGOs, is ultimately dependent on the goodwill of its member nations. In this it differs from formal organizations that exist within a single country, which (unlike the UN) often possess the means to enforce compliance with their decisions. When the decisions of IGOs such as the UN naf counter to the interests of their most powerful member nations, they are usually powerless to act in an effective manner. Indeed, until the Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s, the UN was often unable to make decisions at all, particularly when the United States and the Soviet Union were in disagreement. During the 1980s, the United States even refused to pay its full share of membership fees, because it opposed UN policies.

As the nations of the world come to increasingly appreciate the global nature of the problems they confront, the United Nations may become more important as a global organization. While competing interests among powerful member nations make it unlikely that it will become the sort of "world government" some of its founders envisioned, the United Nations may continue to acquire increased authority for making and enforcing decisions in the years to come.

IGOs can wield considerable power, provided that their member nations can agree to take action. Yet since nations ultimately control the use of military force, there are limits to the authority of even the most powerful IGOs, whose strength derives from the voluntary compliance of their member nations. The United Nations, for example, is entirely dependent on its members for finances and military power. Even though the UN has 180 member nations and a large number of important economic, cultural, and social programs, its political power is limited.

Words

prominent	видатний
bewildering array	дивовижне різноманіття
fostering	створення
refugees	біженці
enacted a number of arms control treaties that restrict or prohibit	створила низку військових підрозділів, які контролюють угоду щодо заборони
warfare	зброя
ultimately	зрештою
goodwill	добра воля
appreciate	розуміти важливість
compliance	згода
wield	володіти

NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

The second type of global organization is the international nongovernmental organization (INGO), which consists of a group of international organizations established by agreements between the individuals or private organizations comprising its membership. Examples include the World Federation of Trade Unions, the International Planned Parenthood Federation, the International Sociological Association, the International Council of Women, the African Football Confederation, and Greenpeace. Like IGOs, the number of INGOs has increased explosively in recent years — from a half dozen in the mid-nineteenth century to 330 in 1914, 730 in 1939, more than 11,000 today. Yet although they are far more numerous than NGOs, INGOs have far less power. Their activities are primarily concerned with promoting the interests of their members at the global level, largely through influencing the United Nations or individual governments. INGOs also engage in research, education, and the dissemination of information by means of international conferences, meetings, and journals.

There is a third type of international organization, but it does not fall neatly into either of these two categories. Transnational organizations are bureaucratic organizations whose operations span national boundaries, but are centrally directed by citizens from a single country. The principal examples are global businesses (sometimes termed transnational corporations) and religious bodies.

International organizations arise, not surprisingly, when nations have a need to interact with one another. As national bor- ders become less capable of containing key economic, cultural, and environmental activities, international organizations can be expected to grow in number and importance. Still, at the present time nations remain the primary actors on the global stage, with international organizations assuming a decidedly secondary role.

Words

comprising	включаючи
disseminating	розповсюдження
boundary	межа
secondary	вторинний