Text a types of muscles

Read the text to find out about a) the functions of muscles; b) the groups of muscles. Complete the table.

Muscle is a soft tissue in the body of humans and animals. Its main purpose is to produce force and motion. Muscles are responsible for maintaining posture, physical movement (sitting, walking, eating, etc.), and movement of internal organs (such as keeping the heart pumping to circulate blood and moving food through the digestive system).

The word muscle is derived from the Latin term musculus, meaning "little mouse". This Latin term could be due to the shape of some muscles or because muscles contracting under the skin can look like a mouse moving under a rug. Tendons connect soft contracting muscles to hard bones.

Muscles can be under voluntary or involuntary control. Voluntary muscles, such as those found in the arms and legs, can be controlled by thought. Involuntary muscles are those that are automatically controlled by the nervous system and cannot be moved at will.

There are three main types of muscular tissue that we identify and classify on the basis of structure and functions: 1) smooth or visceral muscle, 2) striated or skeletal muscle, 3) cardiac muscle.

Smooth (visceral) muscle can contract slowly and do so without the intervention of the will (involuntary muscles). They make up the walls of the internal organs such as those of the blood vessels, the digestive tract, and the bladder. Smooth muscles maintain continence of the bladder and propel food through the bowel. Smooth muscle tissues consist of long cells. Smooth muscle fibers are bound into bundles by connective tissue, which contains blood vessels and nerves.

Striated muscles are most necessary for manipulation of the bones of the skeleton. Skeleton muscles are voluntary muscles. They are involved with such activities as walking, eating, tail motion and eye movement. Striated muscle tissue consists of large fibers in the form of bundles. Each individual muscle is composed of many cells held together by connective tissue. Skeletal muscles attach to bones by means of connective tissue tendons, which are elastic and strong. When muscles contract, they pull on the tendons, which then pull on the bones and cause the limbs to move. Each muscle fiber receives its own nerve impulses, which trigger various motions. Voluntary muscles can contract and pull, but they cannot push, so they must work in pairs that flex and extend. Muscles receive a generous blood supply from neighboring blood vessels. A rich capillary (the smallest of all blood vessels) distribution helps to deliver oxygen to muscles. Cardiac (heart) muscle is a cross between the previous two. A characteristic feature of cardiac muscle is that fibers have neither a beginning nor an end. The heart is simply a huge net of muscles in which all elements are continuous with each other. Cardiac muscles have the force of contraction of skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle is under complete involuntary control. In that, it resembles visceral muscles.

E

	Skeletal Muscles	Smooth Muscles	Cardiac Muscles
Occurrence	Found in relation to skeletal system		Found in relation to muscular layer of the heart
Control		Not under control of will
Synonyms
Striations	Present	Absent	Present
Automaticity	Absent	Present	Present

xercise 1. Expand the given statements using the information from the text. 1. The main purpose of the muscle is to produce force and motion. 2. Muscles can be under voluntary or involuntary control. 3. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of many organs. 4. Skeletal muscles are complex in structure. 5. Cardiac (heart) muscle is a cross between the striated and smooth muscle. 6. Muscles receive a generous blood supply. 7. Skeletal muscles attach to bones by means of connective tissue tendons.

Exercise 2. a) Find the antonyms.

A	B
voluntary flex soft separated to deliver to propel	extend to block to take away involuntary connected hard

b) Fill in the gaps with the words from the table above. 1. … muscles can contract and pull, but they cannot push. 2. Smooth muscles maintain continence of the bladder and … food through the bowel. 3. A rich capillary distribution helps to … oxygen to muscles. 4. Voluntary muscles can contract and pull, but they cannot push, so they must work in pairs that … and … . 5. Muscle is a … tissue in the body of humans and animals.

Exercise 3. Translate the derivatives. 1. Muscle, muscular, musculature, musculation. 2. To contract, contracted, contracting, contractile, contraction. 3. To connect, connecting, connection, connective. 4. Continuous, to continue, continuance, continuing, continual.

Exercise 4.Translate the following sentences into English. 1. По структуре и функции мышцы можно разделить на три группы. 2. Гладкие мышцы сокращаются непроизвольно. 3. Соединительная ткань гладких мышц включает нервы и кровеносные сосуды. 4. Поперечно-полосатые мышцы реагируют на изменения в окружающей среде. 5. Волокна сердечной мышцы непрерывны. 6. Регуляцию мочеиспускания осуществляет гладкая мускулатура.

Exercise 5. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words in brackets.   1. Muscle is (мягкая ткань) in the body of humans and animals. 2. Muscles are responsible for maintaining (осанка) and physical movements. 3. Muscles can be under (произвольный) or (непроизвольный) control. 4. Smooth (visceral) muscles can (сокращаться) slowly. 5. Smooth muscles maintain (регуляция мочеиспускания) of the bladder and (продвигать) food through (кишечник). 6. Smooth muscle (волокна) are bound into (пучки) by connective tissue. 7. When muscles contract, they (тянуть) the tendons. 8. The muscles must work in pairs that (сгибаться) and (разгибаться).

Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text. 1. Muscles are responsible for maintaining movement of internal organs such as… 2. The word muscle is derived from the Latin term musculus, meaning … . 3. Tendons connect soft contracting muscles to … . 4. Voluntary muscles, such as those found in the arms and legs, can be controlled by … . 5. There are three main types of muscular tissue that we identify and classify on the basis of … . 6. … make up the walls of the internal organs such as those of the blood vessels, the digestive tract, and the bladder. 7. Skeletal muscles attach to bones by means of … . 8. A rich capillary distribution helps to deliver … to muscles. 9. Cardiac (heart) muscle is a cross between … .

Exercise 7. The answers to the following questions are the summary of the text. Answer these questions and give the summary of the text. 1. What is a muscle? 2. What are the main functions of muscles? 3. What is the meaning of the word muscle? 4. What is the difference between voluntary muscles and involuntary muscles? 5. What are the main types of muscular tissue? 6. What do you know about the work of smooth muscles? 7. What do we sometimes call smooth muscles? 8. What is another name for striated muscles? 9. How do striated muscles work? 10. What is the difference between cardiac and skeletal muscles?

Exercise 8. Read the text and complete the table giving the definitions of the muscles. Vertebrate muscles are given names derived from Latin according to their attachments. In this system the Latin names of the bony points of attachment are either joined, or they may be named for their form or their gross function. There are several standard terms that describe form and function. A muscle may have more than one point of origin; thus, it may be described as having, for example, two “heads,” as in biceps femoris(bi- for two,-ceps or heads, femoris meaning “of the femur”). It may be long, longus, or short, brevis. It may run transversely across a body segment, transversus, or obliquely, obliquus. It may lie close to the surface, superficialis, or deep, profundus. In describing function, lexors are muscles that tend to close the angle made by the two bones to which they are attached; extensors tend to increase the angle. Adductors pull a bone or cartilage closer to the axis of the body, or limb, while abductors pull away from the axis. Rotators turn one bone or cartilage with respect to another or with respect to the midline. Pronators turn the sole of the foot or the palm of the hand to face the ground, while the opposite function is performed supinators. Constrictors and sphincters diminish the volume of spaces or the area of structures, and dilators increase them.

Type of the muscles according to the function	Definition	Russian equivalent	Transcription
flexors	are muscles that tend to close the angle made by the two bones	сгибатели	[ˈfleksə]
extensors		разгибатели	[ ɪkˈstentsə ]
adductors		приводящие мышцы	[ ædˈdʌktə ]
abductors		отводящие мышцы	[ æbˈdʌktə ]
rotators		мышцы, которые осуществляют вращение конечности или какого - либо сегмента тела.	[ reʊˈteɪtə ]
pronators		мышцы, вращающие внутрь	[ preʊˈneɪtə]
supinators		мышцы, вращающие наружу	[ suːpɪˈneɪtə ]
constrictors		мышцы, сжимающие какой либо орган или заставляющие сокращаться полый орган или его часть (констриктор)	[ kənˈstrɪktə ]
dilators		расширяющие мышцы (дилататор)	[ dɪˈleɪtə ]

Exercise 9. Read the text and prepare the talk “Tendons and Ligaments : How to Prevent Tendon/Ligament Injury” (4-5 min). Ligaments and tendons are part of the musculoskeletal system, with ligaments attaching bones to bones and tendons muscles to bones. They each serve very important functions to the joints and bones. Ligaments and tendons are made of dense layered collagen fibers, called fibrous connective tissue. Although collagenous tissues are sturdy, applying excessive force on either the ligament or tendon can cause serious injuries. Ligaments serve as connectors, linking the ends of bones together at a joint. The joints allow for the performance of simple and complex motions throughout the body, and ligaments come in a variety of sizes and shapes to support, strengthen and stabilize the joints.

Tendons attach muscles to bones. Tendons aid in the movement of bones by transmitting force from the muscle to the bone. Tendons aid in a wide range of motion and act to resist pressures; hence, it is important that they vary in shape and size. Rupture of Ligament When ligaments receive force greater than their resistance capacity, the collagenous tissue will over-stretch or tear, either partially or completely, thus resulting in injuries. A “stretched or torn ligament," also known as sprain, occurs most frequently in the ankle and wrist. The healing process involves three overlapping phases¹. In the first phase, bleeding and clotting of blood² occur. Inflammation of tissues also takes place at the injury site. In the second phase, the matrix and fibroblastic cells³ replicate excessively, and in the final phase, the matrix remodels itself and matures over time. Rupture of Tendon Similar to the ligaments, when tendons receive force greater than their resistance capacity, injuries will result with the tearing and over-stretching of tissues. A strain, which refers to a “stretched or torn tendon” can develop over time or occur abruptly. The healing process of tendon injuries involves three simultaneously occurring phases. In the first phase, inflammation at the injury site occurs and the growth of new blood vessels and collagen begins. In the second phase, the rapid reproduction of reticular fibers⁴ occurs at its maximum level, and in the final phase, remodeling occurs. New cells will differentiate into fibrous tissue and will eventually mature into a scar-like tendon tissue⁵.

Notes 1. overlapping phases - частично перекрывающиеся фазы 2. bleeding and clotting of blood - кровотечение и свёртывание крови 3. matrix and fibroblastic cells - матричные и фибробластные клетки 4. reticular fibers - ретикулярное волокно 5. scar-like tendon tissue - рубцовая сухожильная ткань