Text b the mammalian heart

Vocabulary list to text b

aortic (valve) adj	[eɪˈɔː.tik ]	аортальный (клапан)
atrium (atria) n	[ˈeɪ.tri.əm ]	предсердие
backflow  n	[ˈbæckfloʊ]	обратный ток жидкости
chamber n	[ˈtʃeɪmbə(r) ]	камера
contract v	[ˈkɒntrækt ]	сокращаться
enclose  n	[ɪnˈkləʊz ]	заключать
endocardium n	[ɪnˈdɒkɑːdɪəm ]	эндокард
epicardium n	[ haɪdrəʊˈstætɪk ]	эпикард
inferior vena cava n	[ɪnˈfɪəriər ]	нижняя полая вена
mitral (valve) adj	[ˈmaitrəl]	митральный (клапан)
myocardium n	[ˌmaɪəˈkɑːdiəm ]	миокард
oxygenate v	[ˈɒk.sɪ.dʒə.neɪt ]	обогащать кислородом
pericardium n	[ˌperɪˈkɑːdiəm ]	перикард
protective (sac)  n	[prəˈtek.tɪv ] [ sæk ]	защитный мешок
pulmonary (valve) adj	[ˈpʌl.mə.nə.ri ]	легочный (клапан)
superior vena cava n	[suːˈpɪəriə(r) ]	верхняя полая вена
tricuspid (valve) adj	[traɪ-ˈkʌspɪd]	трехстворчатый клапан
valve  n	[vælv ]	клапан
ventricle  n	[ˈven.trɪ.kl̩ ]	желудочек

The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients. It also assists in the removal of wastes. The heart is located between the lungs in the middle of the chest.

In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right atria; and lower left and right ventricles. Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred to as the right heart and left atrium and ventricle as the left heart.  In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves, which prevent backflow. The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. The walls of the heart are made up of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The heart pumps blood through both circulatory systems. The right and left sides of the heart work together. The pattern described below is repeated over, causing blood to flow continuously to the heart, lungs, and body. Right Side of the Heart Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve. When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the atrium while the ventricle contracts. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs where it is oxygenated.

L eft Side of the Heart The pulmonary vein empties oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the open mitral valve. When the ventricle is full, the mitral valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the atrium while the ventricle contracts. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta and to the body.

Exercise 8. Looking at the picture above, describe the flow of blood in the mammalian heart.

Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words given below. 1. In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right …; and lower left and right … .  2. The heart is enclosed in a … sac, the pericardium. 3. Blood enters the heart through two large veins, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the … atrium of the heart. 4. The pulmonary … empties oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. 5. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the aortic …, into the aorta and to the body. (valve, right, protective, atria, ventricles, vein)

Exercise 10. a)   Make up collocations using words from both columns.

protective	vessels
tricuspid	organ
pulmonary	sac
superior	artery
muscular	valve
blood	vena cava

b) Fill in the gaps with the words from the table above. 1. The heart is … in humans and other animals. 2. The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals, which pumps blood through the … of the circulatory system.   3. The heart is enclosed in a …, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. 4. Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and …, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart. 5. When the right ventricle is full, the … shuts. 6. As the right ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve, into the … and to the lungs where it is oxygenated.

Exercise 11. Translate the derivatives. Make up your own sentences with some of these words. 1. To assist, assistance, assistant, assisting. 2. To divide, dividing, division, dividable. 3. To describe, description, describing, describer. 4. To repeat, repetition, repeating, repeatedly.

Exercise 12. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words in brackets. 1. The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals, which (качать кровь) through the (кровеносные сосуды) of the circulatory system. 2. (В здоровом сердце) blood flows one way through the heart due to (клапаны  сердца), which prevent backflow. 3. The heart (заключено) in a protective sac, the pericardium. 4. (Стенки сердца) are made up of (три слоя): epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

Exercise 13. Translate from Russian into English. 1. Сердце – это мышечный орган у людей и других животных. 2. Сердце располагается между легкими в середине грудной клетки. 3. У млекопитающих сердце разделено на четыре камеры: верхние правое и левое предсердия и нижние правый и левый желудочек. 4. Сердце заключено в защитный мешок – перикард. 5. Стенки сердца состоит из трех слоев – эпикарда, миокарда и эндокарда.

Exercise 14. Answer the questions to the text. 1. What is the heart? 2. What are the functions of the heart in the body? Where is it located? 3. What are the main parts of the mammalian heart? 4. What do we call pericardium? 5. What are the three layers of the heart’s walls? 6. How does the blood enter the heart? 7. What prevents blood from flowing backward into the atrium while the ventricle contracts? 8. Where does the blood flow through the pulmonary artery? 9. How does oxygenated blood get from the lungs into the heart? 10. Where does the blood flow through the aortic valve and aorta?