Unit 2 the skeleton

Vocabulary list to text a

arthropods n pl	[ ˈɑːθrəpɒd ]	членистоногие
appendicular adj	[ ˌæpənˈdɪkjʊlə]	добавочный (относящийся к поясу грудных и тазовых конечностей)
axial adj	[ˈæksiəl]	осевой
band n	[ bænd ]	тяж, пучок
cartilage n	[ˈkɑːtəlɪdʒ]	хрящ
chitin n	[ ˈkaɪtɪn ]	хитин
coelom n	[ˈsɪləm]	целома
cytoskeleton n	[saɪtəʊˈskelɪtən]	цитоскелет
earthworm n	[ ˈɜːθwɜːm ]	дождевой червь
fiber n	[ ˈfaɪbə]	волокно
girdle n	[ ˈɡɜː.dl̩ ]	пояс
hollow adj	[ ˈhɒləʊ]	полый
hydrostatic adj	[ haɪdrəʊˈstætɪk ]	гидростатический
lever n	[ ˈliːvər ]	рычаг
ligament n	[ ˈlɪɡəmənt ]	связка
limb n	[ lɪm ]	конечность
locomotion n	[ ˌləʊkəˈməʊʃən ]	двигательная активность
pectoral adj	[ ˈpektərəl ]	грудной
pelvic adj	[ ˈpelvɪk ]	тазовый
rib n	[ˈrɪb]	ребро
rigid n	[ ˈrɪdʒɪd ]	жесткий
skull n	[ˈskʌl]	череп
spinal adj	[ ˈspaɪnəl ]	спинномозговой
tendon n	[ ˈtendən ]	сухожилие
tissue n	[ˈtɪʃuː]	ткань
tough adj	[ tʌf ]	плотный

Text a skeletal system

Read the text to find out about a) the functions of the skeletal system; b) the types of the skeleton. Complete the table.

Skeleton is the collective name for all the hard and rigid structures in the body forming the framework of the body. A skeleton can range from microscopic fibers (cytoskeleton) of the cell to a well-developed system of bones in animals. There are four main functions of the skeletal system.

Shape is the first function. The bones help to shape the body and will change as an animal continues to grow. Support is the next function of the skeletal system. Certain bones have hollow shapes to hold organs in place and other bones support the body.

Movement is also an important part of the skeletal system. The bones attach to ligaments and tendons attach the muscles to the bones. All of these working together allow the body to move.

Protection is the final function. Bones protect all vital organs from being damaged in the case of a fall.

There are three different skeleton designs that provide organisms these functions: hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton.

Hydrostatic skeleton. Some of the soft-bodied invertebrates have the coelom (compartment within the body) filled with a fluid. It acts as a kind of skeleton and this skeletal system is called the hydrostatic skeleton. It provides support and helps in locomotion. Hydrostatic skeleton in the earthworm enables it to move on the earth.

Exoskeleton. An exoskeleton is an external, hard, encasement on the surface of an organism. For example, the shells of crabs and insects are exoskeletons. This skeleton type provides defenсe against predators and supports the body. In many cases, the exoskeleton is very rigid and heavy. The exoskeleton of arthropods is made of very light substances known as chitin. In addition, their exoskeleton is divided into several distinct sections. Thus, the arthropods can move easily with a protective outer covering.

Endoskeleton. An endoskeleton develops within the skin or in the deeper tissues. The main parts of the endoskeleton in vertebrates are: an axial skeleton and an appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is made up of the skull, spinal column, and ribs. The appendicular skeleton consists of the pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle, and anterior and posterior limbs. Endoskeleton is present in all vertebrate animals and consists of bones, ligaments, and cartilages. The skeleton is composed of the hard tissues of the body, and its primary functions are to support the body, to provide a system of levers used in locomotion, to protect the soft organs of the body, and to produce red blood cells.

Bones are organs composed of hard, mineralized tissue that provide structural support to the body. There are two major bone types: compact bone and spongy bone.

Ligament is a band of tough, fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages at a  joint or supporting an organ.

Cartilage is a connective tissue found in many areas of the body. It is a firm tissue but is softer and much more flexible than bone.

Types of the skeleton	Animals that have this type of the skeleton	Functions of the skeleton	Substance that the skeleton is made of

Exercise 1. Expand the given statements using the information from the text. 1. One of the functions of the skeleton is to give shape. 2. To give support is another function of the skeleton. 3. Movement is one of the main functions of the skeleton. 4. Protection is the final function of the skeleton. 5. Soft bodied invertebrates have the coelom. 6. An exoskeleton has several functions. 7. Chitin is a light substance. 8. An endoskeleton is present in all vertebrate animals.

Exercise 2. a) Find the equivalents to the words in section A from section B

A	B
locomotion tough carnivore arthropods hollow	hard insects movement not solid flesh-eater

b) Replace the underlined words with their synonyms. 1. The skeleton provides defenсe against predators. 2. Movement is also an important part of the skeletal system. 3. An exoskeleton is an external, hard encasement on the surface of an organism. 4. The exoskeleton of arthropods is made of very light substances known as chitin. 5. Certain bones have hollow shapes to hold organs in place. Exercise 3. Make up collocations using words from both columns.

A	B
rigid microscopic protective distinct heavy mineralized	covering skeleton section structure tissue fiber

Exercise 4. Translate the following words and phrases into English. Мягкотелые беспозвоночные; микроскопические волокна; полая структура; жизненно важные органы; давать опору; связки и сухожилия; отдел, заполненный жидкостью; соединительная ткань; система рычагов; защита от хищников; легкое вещество; главная функция; минерализованная ткань; отдельные сегменты; внешнее покрытие.

Exercise 5. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words in brackets. 1. A skeleton can range from cytoskeleton of the cell to a (хорошо развитая) system of bones in animals. 2. This skeleton type (обеспечивать защиту) against predators. 3. The exoskeleton of arthropods is made of very (легкое вещество) known as chitin. 4. The primary function of endoskeleton is to provide a (система рычагов) used in locomotion. 5. Bones are organs composed of (твёрдые минерализованные ткани) that provide structural support to the body. 6. (Связка) is a band of tough, fibrous tissue. 7. Certain bones are (полые) to hold organs in place. 8. The exoskeleton of insects is divided into several (отдельный сегмент).

Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text. 1. Cartilage is a firm tissue but is softer and much more … . 2. There are two major bone types: compact bone and … . 3. Endoskeleton develops within the skin or in the deeper … . 4. Some of the soft bodied invertebrates have the coelom (compartment within the body) filled with … . 5. Tendons attach the muscles to the … . 6. The exoskeleton of arthropods is made of very light substances known as … . 7. One of the primary functions of the skeleton is to produce … . 8. Ligament is a band of tough, fibrous tissue ...8. Bones are composed of … .

Exercise 7. The answers to the following questions are the summary of the text. Answer these questions and give the summary of the text. 1. What is the skeleton? 2. What are the main functions of the skeletal system? 3. What do bones help to shape? 4. What do certain bones have hollow shapes for? 5. What allows the body to move? 6. What do bones protect from being damaged in the case of a fall? 7. How many skeleton designs do you know? 8. What do some soft-bodied invertebrates have? 9. What does the hydrostatic skeleton in the earthworm enable it to do? 10. What is an exoskeleton? 11. What is the exoskeleton of arthropods made of ? 12. Where does the endoskeleton develop? 13. What is the main function of the endoskeleton? 14. What are the major bone types? 15. What are ligaments? 16. What are cartilages?

Visit the link https://www.msu.edu/~silvar/hips.htm to find out the information about the skeletal diseases of the growing dog. Consider the following points: - types of diseases; - factors that influence the skeletal development in the dog; - overnutrition; - nutrients and skeletal diseases.

Present your report in writing (1 page).

You can use other resources.