A diagram of ventilation in most mammals. The left image shows inhalation with a flattened diaphragm. The right side shows the dome shaped diaphragm forcing the air out during exhalation.

Exercise 9. a) Make up collocations using the words from both columns.

thorasic	cage
rib	activity
gas	impulses
unconscious	exchange
nerve	cavity

b) Fill in the gaps with the words from the table above.

1. When mammals breathe in, the muscle below the … (called the diaphragm) is pulled down, and air gets sucked into the …, filling the lungs. 2. The lungs fill most of the chest or… , which is completely separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm. 3. Breathing is usually an … that takes place whether you are awake or asleep. 4. … occurs in the pulmonary alveoli by passive diffusion of gases between the alveolar gas and the blood in lung capillaries. 5. When concentration of carbon dioxide rises during some kind of activity … are automatically sent to the diaphragm and rib muscles that increase the rate and the depth of breathing.

Exercise 10. Read the explanation of how decimals are pronounced. 0.1 – nought point one; zero point one (or: one tenth)

0.005– nought point nought nought five; nought point zero zero five (five thousandths)

2. 35 – two point three five (or: two point thirty five hundredths)

There are many ways of pronouncing decimals: 0.008 = eight thousandths. Or:  1. Zero point zero zero eight.  2. Zero point double zero eight.  3. Nought point nought nought eight.  4. Nought point double nought eight.  5. Oh point oh oh eight.  6. Oh point double oh eight. 

Now read the following decimals: 45.76;  1.050;  6.945;  205.708;  12.906;  0.5; 12.317;  0.003;  100.050;  14.003;  123. 119; 0.0014;  108.05;  0.14;  81.25; 19.002;

Exercise 11. Read the explanation of how fractional numerals are pronounced.

½ - a (one) half 1/3 - a (one) third 2/3 - two thirds 1/5 - one fifth 2/5 -two fifths

¼ - a (one) quarter ¼ - a (one) fourth 1½ - one and a half  ¾ - three quarters (three fourths) 21/3 – two and one third

Now read the following fractional numerals: 4 1/7; 7 ¾; 2 3∕5; 16 ½; 8 1∕3 ; 32 2∕7; 5 ½; 1 ½; 9 ½; 12 ¾

Exercise 12. Translate the derivatives. Make up your own sentences with some of these words.

1. To separate, separation, separately, separating. 2. To circulate, circulation, circulating, circulatory. 3. To diffuse, diffusion, diffusing, diffused. 4. To move, movement, movable, moving.

Exercise 13. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words in brackets.

1. In air-breathing (позвоночные) respiration (происходить) in the respiratory organs called (легкие). 2. Blood cells (циркулирующие) through tiny blood vessels near the (легкие) pick up (кислород) and carry it around the body. 3. The air animals breathe in (состоять из) 21% (кислород) and 0.04% (углекислый газ). 4. Two regions in the hindbrain called the medulla oblongata and pons control the (частота дыхания). 5. When mammals breathe in, the muscle below the rib cage (называемая диафрагмой) is pulled down, and air gets sucked into the rib cage, (заполняя легкие).

Exercise 14. Translate from Russian into English. 1. Легкие активно вентилируются благодаря вдоху и выдоху. 2. Легкие заполняют большую часть грудной полости, которая полностью отделена от брюшной полости диафрагмой. 3. Дыхание – это бессознательная деятельность, которая происходит независимо от того, спите ли вы или бодрствуете. 4. Воздух, который вдыхают животные, состоит из 21% кислорода и 0.04% углекислого газа. 5. Респираторные центры мозга контролируют частоту дыхания.

Exercise 15. Answer the questions to the text. 1. Where does respiration take place? 2. What is inhalation and exhalation? 3. What happens when mammals breathe in? 4. What does the air the animals breathe in consist of? 5. What is the composition of the expelled air? 6. Is breathing a conscious activity? 7. What brain regions do we call respiratory centers?

UNIT 8 CIRCULATORY (CARDIOVASCULAR) SYSTEM