- •Department of Soil Science & Soil Conservation
- •Introduction
- •2. General scheme & processes of soil formation.
- •3. Morphological features of the soil profile.
- •4. Soil ecology.
- •Study outline:
- •1. Soil definition and the factors of plant growth.
- •2. Plant roots and soil relations.
- •3. Soil fertility and soil productivity.
- •4. Soil texture.
- •1. Sources and composition of som.
- •2. Residue decomposition and humus formation.
- •3. Agronomical and ecological roles of som.
- •4. Maintenance and balance of som.
- •2. Nature and properties of soil colloids.
- •3. Pole in soil genesis and soil productivity development.
- •4. Types and practical significance of soil absorbing capacity.
- •2. Soil Properties as Effected by Exchangeable Cations.
- •3. Soil Acidity & Acid Soil Amendment.
- •4.Soil Alkalinity & Sodic Soil Amendment.
- •5. Soil Buffer Capacity & Significance of Soil pH.
- •2. Managing soil structure.
- •3. Particle density and bulk density.
- •4. Soil porosity and aeration porosity.
- •5. Mechanical properties of mineral soils and their management.
- •2. Soil Water Movement.
- •3. Plant and Soil Water Relations.
- •4.Soil Water Regime.
- •6. Soil Water Management.
- •1.1. Composition and concentration of soil solution.
- •1.2. Osmotic pressure of soil solution.
- •1.3. Redox potential and redox processes in the soils.
- •2. Soil air, a gaseous phase of the soil.
- •2.1. Soil air composition and properties.
- •2.2. Plant requirements to soil aeration.
- •3. Management of soil redox and aeration regimes.
- •1. Soil temperature & modes of energy transfer.
- •2. Conduction of heat in soil. Heat-related soil properties.
- •3. Thermal conductivity of soil.
- •4. Thermal regime of soil profiles &its control.
- •2. Principles of soil cover zoning in Ukraine.
- •3. Soil Zoning in the Mountain regions.
- •4. Fao nomenclature of soils.
- •2. Soddy Podzolic and Soddy Podzolic Gleyed soils.
- •3. Soddy soils.
- •4. Bog and Peat soils.
- •5. Practices of soil management in Ukrainian Polissya.
- •2. Grey Forest and Podzolized soils.
- •3.Chernozems of the Steppe Zone.
- •2. Dark chestnut and chestnut soils.
- •3. Salt-affected soils.
- •4. Practices of soil amendment and land use improvement in the arid steppe zone.
4. Fao nomenclature of soils.
FAO system of soil classification and nomenclature is well-know in Western Europe and the word. Some attempt was made in Ukraine (V.V.Medvedev, T.M.Laktionova and O.P.Kanash. Soils of Ukraine.- Kharkiv, 2003) to give parallel names of soil groups (mapping units) in Ukrainian, “word-for word” translation from Ukrainian into English and FAO and WRB (World Reference Base) nomenclatures. Each of the nomenclatures consists of the name of the main soil group and that of the soil unit. A table below presents the names of the most widespread mapping units of Ukrainian soils.
Ukrainian soil Group name |
“Word-for-word” translation into English |
Soil name in WRB (1998) nomenclature |
Soil name in FAO (1997) nomenclature |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
Дерново-середньо-підзолисті супіщані |
Soddy-moderately podzolic soils in loamy-sand deposits |
- |
- |
Ясно-сірі та сірі ґрунти лісові |
Light-grey and grey forest soils |
Albebeluvisoils Umbric (ABum) Phaeozems Albic (Ph ab) |
Eutric Podzoluvisols Haplic Greyzems (PDe, GRh) |
Темно-сірі опідзолені ґрунти |
Dark-grey podzolized soils |
Phaozems Albic (Phab) |
Haplic Greyzems (GRh) |
Чорноземи опідзолені |
Podzolized Chernozems |
Chernozems Chernic (CHch) |
Haplic Chernozems (CHh) |
Чорноземи типові на лесах та лесовидних суглинках |
Typical Chernozems in loess and loess-like loams |
- |
- |
Ukrainian soil Group name |
“Word-for-word” translation into English |
Soil name in WRB (1998) nomenclature |
Soil name in FAO (1997) nomenclature |
Чорноземи південні на лесах та леcоподібних породах |
Southern Chernozems in loess and loess-like parent materials |
Chernozems Calcic (CH cc) |
Calcic Chernozems(CHc) |
Темно-каштанові залишково солонцюваті ґрунти |
Dark Chestnut soils with residual sodicity |
Kastanozems Kaplic (KS ha) |
Haplic Kastanozems (KSh) |
Каштанові солонцюваті ґрунти |
Chestnut sodicity-affected soils |
Kastanozems Luvic (KS lv) |
Luvic Kastanozems (KSl) |
Лучні грунти на алювіальних відкладах |
Meadow soils in alluvial deposits |
Umbrisoils Gleic Fluvisoils Dystric (UM gl, FL dy) |
Umbric Gleysols Dystric Flavisols (Gle, Fld) |
Ukrainian soil Group name |
“Word-for-word” translation into English |
Soil name in WRB (1998) nomenclature |
Soil name in FAO (1997) nomenclature |
Солонці |
Alkali soils Sodic soils |
Solonetz Humic (SN hu) |
Haplic Solonetz (SNh) |
Осолоділі ґрунти |
Solodized soils |
Planosols Albic (PL ab) |
Eutric Planosols (PLe) |
Дернові ґрунти |
Soddy soils |
Arenosols Haplic (AR ha) |
Haplic Arenosols (ARh) |
Бурі гірсько-лісові ґрунти |
Brown mountain forest soils |
Cambisoils Dystric (CM dy) |
Dystric cambisols (CMd) |
Коричневі гірські ґрунти на елювії делювії корінних порід |
Cinnamonic mountain soils in eluvium-deluvium of consolidated rocks |
Cambisols Calcaric (CM ca) |
Calcaric Cambisols (CMc) |
The WBR nomenclature gains more and more popularity in all European countries, whereas the FAO nomenclature is gradually becoming “obsolete”.
LECTURE ELEVEN.
Soils of the Forest Zone of Ukraine.
Study outline:
Natural features of the Ukrainian Polissya.
Soddy Podzolic and Soddy Podzolic Gleyed soils.
Soddy soils.
Bog and Peat soils.
Practices of soil management in Ukrainian Polissya.
1. Natural features of the Ukrainian Polissya.
The Ukrainian Polissya is a zone of mainly mixed forests stretching from west to east for 750 km and from north to south for 180 km. Total area of the zone is 11.8 mln ha or 19% of the total area of Ukraine.
Polissya is the coolest and most humid zone of Ukraine. It’s climate is temperately (moderately) warm and humid. The amount of solar radiation is within 95-100 kcal·cm2yr-1. The heat resources are the lowest in Ukraine. Mean January temperature is (-) 5-70C. Mean July temperature is (+) 18-200C. The maximum depth of frost penetration is within 120-150 cm. The sums of above –zero temperatures exceeding 00 C, 50C, 100C and 150 C are equal to 29000 C, 28000 C, 24500C, and 18800C respectively. Above zero temperature duration is 246 days and 104 days exceed 150C. The average amount of precipitation is within 550-579 mm (in some region: up to 700 mm). The ratio between the average annual amount of precipitation and average annual evaporation from the open water surface (coefficient of humidity, Kh) slightly exceeds 1, being higher in the western provinces and lower in the eastern ones. This favors the development of infiltrative and stagnant forms of water regime. Up-to-date area of the forestland slightly exceeds 20% of the total area of Polissya. Forest of pines, hornbeams, oaks and alders are widespread. Pine forests grow on light –textural (sandy) low-fertility soils, while deciduous ones, including oaks, elms and other trees - grow on the relatively fertile soils formed in loess and loess-like loams. On the flood plains and wide depression of topography, both meadow and bog vegetations are widespread and lowland (ground water fed) bogs are dominant here. Parent materials in the zone are represented by glacial outwash (sands and loamy sands), alluvial deposits (mostly sands), loess and loess-like loams, moraine (glacial till of varying texture but mostly loamy sands), peat and chalky marl. Ground water table may be high enough in many places for the development of gleyed and bog soils.