2. Словообразование. Суффиксы глаголов (Word-building. The suffixes of verbs)

Запомните следующие суффиксы глаголов:

-en

hard – твердый to harden – твердеть

sharp – острый to sharpen – заострять

-(i) fy

pure – чистый to purify – очищать

glory – слава to glorify – прославлять

-ize

special – специальный to specialize – специализировать

neutral – нейтральный to neutralize – нейтрализовать.

Exercises

1. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the predicate:

a) with a modal verb.

1. We must use new methods in our research work. 2. You may use this device in your laboratory. 3. This job cannot be done in time. 4. They ought to help their colleagues to solve this important problem. 5. He could not complete his research in time as he worked very slowly. 6. You should turn off the light before you leave the room.

b) with an equivalent of the modal verb.

1. The students were unable to do the work without their teacher’s help. He had to help them. 2. You needn’t take these documents with you. 3. You were to consult the dictionary. 4. He had to work much before he was able to complete his research. 5. You will have to show your research work to your scientific adviser. 6. Nobody was able to understand this mysterious phenomenon. 7. As the student was late he was not allowed to enter the classroom.

2. Complete these sentences. Use can, can’t or couldn’t + one of these verbs: come, find, hear, see, speak, eat, go, see, sleep, understand.

1. I’m sorry, but we ………………. to your party next Saturday.

2. She got the job because she ………… five languages.

3. You are speaking very quietly. I ……….. you.

4. Have you seen my bag? I ……….my dinner.

5. I like this hotel room. You ………. the mountains from the window.

6. I was tired but I …………

7. She spoke very quickly. I ……….. her.

8. His eyes are not very good. He ………. very well.

9. I wasn’t hungry yesterday. I ………. my dinner.

10. He ……… to the concert next Saturday. He’s working.

11. He ………..to the meeting last week. He was ill.

3. What do you say in these situations? Use Can you ….?/ Could you ….?/ Can I ….?

1. (You are carrying a lot of things. You want me to open the door for you.)

You say to me: Can you open the door for me, please?

2. (We are having dinner. You want me to pass the salt.)

You say to me: ………………………………………….?

3. (You want me to turn off the radio.) ……………………..?

4. (You want to borrow my pen.) …………………………..?

5. (You want to use my phone.) …………………………….?

6. (You want me to give you my address.) ………………….?

4. Put in have to/ has to/ had to or must.

1. It’s a fantastic film, you ……….. see it.

2. In many countries men ………. do military service.

3. Sarah is a nurse. Sometimes she ………. work at weekends.

4. I didn’t have any money with me. So I …… borrow some.

5. You can’t park here for nothing. You ……. pay.

6. I eat too much chocolate. I really ………. stop.

7. In tennis you ………hit the ball over the net.

8. I ……… go to the bank yesterday to get some money.

9. The windows are very dirty. I ……. clean them.

10. I ….. get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do.

11. Come on! We ……. hurry. We haven’t got much time.

12. We arrived home very late last night. We ……… wait half an hour for a taxi.

V. Complete the sentences. Use mustn’t or needn’t + one of these verbs:

be, buy, clean, hurry, lose, stick, take, tell, wait.

1. The windows aren’t dirty. You ……. them.

2. I must hurry. I ……. late.

3. This letter is very important. You ……it.

4. We have lots of time. We ………..

5. We ………an umbrella. It’s not going to rain.

6. This is a secret. You …….. anybody.

7. You …….. a newspaper. You can have mine.

8. I’m not ready yet but you …….. for me. You go now and I’ll come later.

9. (a parent speaking to a child) You ……… your tongue out at people. It’s not polite,

VI. Substitute the equivalents for modal verbs. Translate the sentences.

1. Electronic machines can add, subtract, multiply and divide much quicker than man. 2. The conference on economic problems in Russia must take place next month. 3. You may use these new devices for your research. 4. With the help of this new design the scientist could develop new methods of solving the problem. 5. The student may not leave the lab if his experiment is not over. 6. Most people must work in order to earn their living.

VII. Put a predicate of the following sentences in the Past and Future Simple, change the adverbial modifier of time where it is necessary. Translate the sentences.

1. We must study the fundamentals of economics. 2. These students may work at the computer class from 9 to 12 today. 3. She can use different methods in her research work. 4. The students must explain how the economic system works. 5. Economists must study our everyday life.

VIII. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the different ways of expressing obligation.

1. We must explain the work of this system. 2. One should study hard to be a good specialist. 3. This problem is very complex. You have to think it over properly. 4. We ought to say that this phenomenon is worth investigating. 5. We should be prepared for scientific study of management in industry. 6. Laws must serve people. 7. The lecture is to begin at 6 o’clock. We ought to come in time. 8. You were to come to my place yesterday. Why didn’t you do that ? 9. He will have to improve his knowledge of English.

IX. Make the sentences a) interrogative; b) negative.

1. Students have to know some facts of the economy in which we live. 2. He had to sit up late with this work. 3. You will have to get up very early tomorrow. 4. He had to come to the office at 5 sharp. 5. She will have to do it once over again. 6. These documents have to be filled in. 7. They had to cover the whole distance on foot. 8. We shall have to speak to him about his participation in the conference.

X. Translate the sentences.

1. Вы не должны прекращать работу, пока не закончите её. 2. Так как он приготовил всё заранее, ему не нужно делать это теперь. 3. Все слова в тексте были настолько хорошо знакомы, что мне даже незачем было пользоваться словарем. 4. Вам нужно было быть здесь не раньше пяти. 5. Не может быть, чтобы он опоздал. 6. Он не мог прочитать эту книгу так быстро; она трудна для него. 7. Вам следует теперь прочитать специальную литературу по экономике. 8. Вы можете не приносить эту статью сегодня; всё равно её будут печатать только завтра. 9. Возможно, он опоздает. 10. Могу ли я взять твой словарь? 11. Разве я мог подумать, что не попаду на лекцию по экономике? 12. Вы, должно быть, все читали эту статью? 13. Я не могу сегодня подготовиться к докладу. Библиотека закрыта. 14. Он, очевидно, не уловил вашей мысли. Вам следовало бы подробно объяснить свою точку зрения.

XI. a) Distribute the following verbs into 3 groups according to the suffixes. The first ones have been done for you:

-en

blacken

-fy

classify

-ize

minimize

shorten, typify, brighten, darken, clarify, identify, justify, simplify, visualize, intensify, energize, stabilize, falsify, mechanize, realize, deepen, humanize, criticize, densify, economize.

b) Translate these verbs. In case of difficulty look them up in the dictionary.

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