2. Словообразование. Суффиксы существительных (Word-building. The suffixes of nouns)

а) Суффиксы -er, -or образуют имена существительные, обозначающие действующее лицо:

to teach – обучать; teacher – учитель

to listen – слушать; listener – слушатель

б) Суффикс -ian указывает на национальную принадлежность или профессию:

Russian – русский

historian – историк

в) Суффикс -ist обозначает принадлежность к политическому или научному направлению, а также профессию:

artist – художник

specialist – специалист

physicist – физик

г) Суффиксы, образующие существительные, обозначающие отвлеченные понятия:

-ion, -tion, -ation, -sion, -ssion

organization – организация

compression – сжатие

explosion – взрыв

-ment

government – правительство

achievement – достижение

-ure

lecture – лекция

pressure – давление

-ance, -ence

dependence – зависимость

resistance – сопротивление

-ness (образует существительные от прилагательных)

kindness – доброта

-hood

childhood – детство

-ship

friendship – дружба

-th

long – длинный; length – длина

wide – широкий; width – ширина

-dom

kingdom – королевство

freedom – свобода

-ism

capitalism – капитализм

Exercises

I. Study the following spelling rules:

1. We add –ing to most verbs without changing the base form: wait – waiting.

2. If a verb ends in–e, omit the –e and add –ing: take – taking.

3. A single vowel followed by a single consonant doubles the final consonant: sit – sitting.

4. We double the last consonant of two-syllable verbs when the second syllable is stressed: be`gin – beginning. Compare the unstressed final syllable: `differ – differing.

5. –ic changes into –ick: picnic – picnicking; -ie changes into –y: lie-lying.

Form Participle I from the verbs given below:

to make, to eat, to write, to forget, to put, to catch, to die, to carry, to do, to take, to go, to change, to turn, to flow, to travel, to perform, to stop, to run, to observe, to panic, to get, to set.

II. Use the correct form of the verb to be to form the Present Continuous.

1. Don’t rush me. I … working as fast as I can. 2. What … you eating? It looks awful. 3. She … still waiting to see her boss. 4. He … hurrying to catch his train. 5. Why … you panicking? Calm down! 6. Young people … becoming more and more politically aware these days. 7. What … John doing nowadays? He … riding for the British cycle team. 8. We … enjoying our holiday here very much. 9. What time … he arriving tomorrow? 10. I … having treatment on my bad back these days. 11. She … running 1,500 meters in the next Olympics.

III. Choose the correct form of the verbs.

1. He speaks/is speaking French and German. 2. I don’t understand/‘m not understanding you. 3. Hurry up! I wait/’m waiting. 4. What sports do you like/are you liking? 5. We come/are coming to see you this weekend. 6. What do you do/are you doing? – I send/’m sending an e-mail. 7. Do Americans drive/Are Americans driving on the left? 8. Do you enjoy/Are you enjoying the film? - Yes, I do/am. 9. Does she need/Is she needing any help? – No, she doesn’t/isn’t. 10. Do you listen/Are you listening to the radio now? 11. I’m sorry, I can’t talk to you now. I go/‘m going out.

IV. Use the verbs in brackets in the Present Continuous or the Present Indefinite.

1. Let’s go out. It (not rain) now. 2. Julia is good at languages. She (speak) four languages very well. 3. We usually (grow) vegetables in our garden, but this year we (not grow) any. 4. How is your English? – Not bad. It (improve) slowly. 5. Can we stop walking soon? I (start) to feel tired. 6. Can you drive? – I (learn). My father (teach) me. 7. We (see) our parents every week. 8. (You download) any music at the moment? 9. I (not get up) at 7 o’clock every morning. 10. Peter (write) Susan now. 11. (They work) in the restaurant at the weekend? 12. She (talk) on the mobile in her bedroom at the moment. 13. I (leave) the office at five. 14. We (go) to the beach now. 15. Sonia (look) for a place to live. She (stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere. 16. Ron is in London at the moment. He (stay) at the Paddington Hotel. He always (stay) there when he’s in London.

V. Fill in the correct form of be going to to complete these sentences.

1. When (you phone) her? 2. What (you say) to your father? 3. They ( not stay) very long. 4. I (not pay) anything. 5. (We play) tennis tomorrow? 6. She (live) in Mexico for a few months. 7. (The machine work)? 8. (Your parents have) a holiday this year? 9. They (borrow) some money from the bank. 10. I (not eat) there again. 11. Look at these clouds! It (rain). 12. Look at the sun! It (be) a hot day. 13. Luke isn’t working very hard. I think he (fail) in his exams! 14. It’s nearly three o’clock. It (finish) soon. 16. Be careful with that plate! You (break) it!

VI. Answer the questions according to the model.

Model: - What are you planning to do on Sunday?

- I am going to have a rest.

1. What are you planning to do after classes ? 2. What are you planning to do tonight ? 3. What are you planning to do at the weekend ? 4. What is your family planning to do on holidays ? 5. When is your friend planning to marry?

VII. Ask your fellow students questions about their plans for the future. Use to be going to and the following words and phrases:

tonight, at the weekend, in summer, tomorrow, next month, after the exams, when you graduate from the University, after the party, next year.

VIII. Use be going to, shall or will to complete the dialogue.

Laura: What (you do) this weekend?

Pat: I (see) a new play tomorrow at the Royal Court Theatre.

Laura: Have you got the tickets yet?

Pat: No, I (get) them this afternoon actually. Would you like to come?

Laura: Oh, thank you, that would be nice.

Pat: OK, I (get) you a ticket too.

Laura: Great! What time does it start?

Pat: Eight o’clock, but we all (meet) in the Green café at 7.15.

Laura: I (meet) you in the café, but I (be) there about half past seven.

Pat: That’s fine.

Laura: Oh, one other thing… I’ve got no money at the moment… I (pay) for the tickets on Saturday. Is that OK?

Pat: Yes, that’s OK, no problem.

Laura: (You eat) in the café or just have a cup of coffee?

Pat: Just a coffee I think.

Laura: Look, (we go) to a restaurant after the show? I know a very good Chinese restaurant.

Pat: That’s a good idea, I (phone) the others and see if they want to come too.

Laura: Good, and then I (book) a table.

Pat: Great. I (see) you tomorrow.

IX. Use the verbs in the Past Continuous.

1. We stayed because we (enjoy) ourselves. 2. I (not listen), so I missed what he said. 3. He (garden) all weekend. 4. (You watch) TV all evening? 5. It ( not rain) hard all day. 6. (You still work) when I left? 7. I lived in France at the time you (live) in Spain. 8. Bill and Sue (constantly improve) their house before they moved. 9. (You read) when I phoned you? 10. Just as I (get) to an interesting part of the story, the doorbell rang. 11. When I got to the hospital, she (sit) in the waiting room. 12. Maria ( not work). She (drive) home. 13. Matt and Peter (not run) from 2 till 3.30. They (play) football. 14 (Justin cook) dinner when you came? 15. I (go) down the street when the accident happened.

X. Complete the sentences with your ideas using the Past Continuous.

1. When you came home ... . 2. When the telephone rang ... . 3. When I entered ... . 4. When we arrived in Moscow ... . 5. When the police came ... . 6. While she was cooking ... . 7. While I was finishing my homework ... . 8. When I saw him… . 9. When we heard the news… . 10. While he was driving past her house… . 11. When the father was in the kitchen… . 12. While she was talking on the phone… . 13. While they were translating a newspaper article… . 14. When John met Jill … . 15. While they were discussing the project… .

XI. Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous.

a) Last week I (decide) to invite some friends over for dinner. I (buy) lots of delicious food, including some Parma Ham. At about 6.00 I (cook) in the kitchen. The sun (shine) and it (be) a beautiful evening, so I (open) the back door. Then the telephone (ring). I (go) to answer it, and when I (come) back the ham (not be) on the table. I (look) out of the window. A cat (sit) on my garden wall, and it (eat) my ham. What could I do? I (fill) a pan with water and (go) quietly outside. The cat (not look) in my direction, and it (enjoy) the ham so much that it (not hear) me. I (walk) slowly up to it – I (want) to empty the water over its head. A bit cruel, I know, but the ham (be) so expensive! But at the last moment the cat (hear) me, (jump) over the wall, and (escape). The happiest cat in the neighborhood…

b) Mrs. May, our District nurse, (drive) home at 3 a.m. one night after an urgent visit to a sick patient. She (drive) along a deserted country lane, when she (see) a new kind of animal. She (stop) her car and (get out). The animal (be) clearly visible in the blaze of her headlights. It (look) like a hedgehog with a tall white hat. It (cross) the road without paying any attention to Mrs May. When Mrs. May (come) closer to it, she (notice) that there was a plastic yoghurt pot on the hedgehog’s head. The poor animal had got its head stuck in the plastic pot! Her instincts as a nurse (tell) her to help, so she (pull) at the pot but the hedgehog (pull) too. After a struggle, she (pull) the pot off the hedgehog’s head. Mrs. May (think) the hedgehog (look) rather sad, when she (notice) that the pot was half full of strawberry yoghurt. She (give) it back to the hedgehog. The animal (put) it on its head again and (continue) the journey across the road.

XII.Use the verbs in the Future Continuous.

1. At this time tomorrow we ( have) an English class. 2. Don’t worry ! I (write) letters to you regularly. 3. When you come they (train) in the gym. 4. Don’t wait for me. I (work) for some time. 5. While you are away we (look after) your children. 6. Don’t leave. We (have) tea in a few minutes. 7. At 7.45 he will be at home. He (have) breakfast. 8. Tomorrow afternoon we are going to paly tennis from 3 o’clock until 4.30. So at 4 o’clock we (play) tennis. 9. Do you think you (still do) the same job in ten years’ time? 10. If you need to contact me, I (stay) at the Lion Hotel until Friday. 11. I don’t think he’ll be free at 6 p.m. He (finish) his report.

XIII.Choose the proper predicate. Explain your choice.

1. The International school of English (does/is doing) very well at the moment. About two hundred people (take are taking) evening classes this term. Many of them (need/are needing) to learn a new language to improve their job prospects but some of them (learn/are learning) a new language for pleasure. The European languages (are/are being) popular but Japanese and Russian (get/are getting) more popular too. The school (provides/is providing) good learning facilities and (organizes/is organizing) a range of study tours.

2. It (happened/ was happening) in June 1985. It (was/was being) summer and we all (lay/were lying) out in the garden. My mother (read/was reading) and my uncle (dozed/was dozing) in the sun. We children (looked/were looking) for worms and insects. And then he (arrived/was arriving). He (was/was being) a tall, handsome man with piercing blue eyes and he (looked/was looking) straight at my mother. Her face (went/was going) pale and her eyes (opened/were opening) wide with shock. “Arthur, I (thought/was thinking) you (were/were being) dead”, she (said/was saying) in a kind of whisper.

3. A: Do you ever think about what you (will do/will be doing) in ten years’ time?

B: Oh, yeas. I sometimes imagine that I (will do/will be doing) a very important job and earning lots of money and that I (will live/will be living) in a beautiful big house. But to be honest, I think I (will still work/will still be working) here and I (will probably do/will probably be doing) the same job.

A: No, you won’t! You (will get/will be getting) a better job soon. I’m sure you will.

B: And so will you.

A: And then we (will go/will be going) on wonderful foreign holidays and we (will learn/will be learning) to speak different languages.

B: Perhaps.

XIV. Use the correct tense forms of the verbs given in brackets.

1. The engineer (to explain) the operation of this device now. 2. Each scientist usually (to run) his test under different conditions. 3. The talk (to bring about) a discussion at the last conference. 4. If the atom (to have) a shortage of electrons, it will have a positive charge. 5. Our laboratory (to develop) a new semiconductor device this month. 6. Last night he (to speak) in favour of our suggestion. 7. The test (to come) to an end by the time they came. 8. The authors (to observe) the phenomenon in studies of a different kind all the year round. 9. At present my research group (to conduct) a series of experiments. 10. After the authors (to observe) the phenomenon in studies of a different kind they (to take up) the problem. 11. I currently (to collect) data for my scientific work.

XV. Translate into English:

1. Он окончил университет 3 года назад и теперь собирается поступать в аспирантуру. 2. Что вы делали вчера в это время? 3. Кто-то стучит, откройте дверь. 4. Я буду ждать тебя у входа в университет. 5. У них экскурсия по городу. Они сейчас осматривают достопримечательности Тулы. 6. Землетрясение в Японии в 1995 году принесло массу разрушений. 7. Если ты последуешь моему совету, тебе потребуется меньше времени на подготовку к экзаменам. 8. Если я потрачу эти деньги, я не куплю подарки к Рождеству. 9. Дождь всё ещё шел, когда мы вышли из дома. 10. Когда ты собираешься сдавать физику? 11. Когда Ваш отец закончил университет? А что он делает сейчас? Где работает? 12. - Где отец? - Он в кухне. - Что он там делает? - Он готовит нам ужин. 13. - Тихо! Идет лекция. Все слушают лектора с большим вниманием. - Когда началась лекция? - В 9 часов. 14. Когда мы вошли в лабораторию, инженер объяснял действие нового прибора. 15. Он пишет что-нибудь? 16. Я не могу завтра встретиться с тобой, завтра приезжает мама. 17. Что ты несешь в сумке, она очень тяжелая. 18. Звонок прозвенел, когда он заканчивал доклад. 19. Приходи сегодня, я буду ждать. 20. Интересно, что мы будем делать через год, и будем ли мы еще встречаться друг с другом.

XVI. Form nouns with the given suffixes. Translate them into Russian:

-er to buy, to sell, to work, to write, to travel, to found, to make;

-or to direct, to invent, to translate, to visit;

-ment to agree, to develop, to pay, to govern, to achieve, to punish, to equip, to move;

-ance (-ence) to depend, to correspond, to guide, to attend, to differ;

-tion to emigrate, to liberate, to radiate, to examine, to prepare, to combine, to illustrate, to separate, to exhibit.

XVII. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the underlined words.

1. She finds great enjoyment in music. 2. After a long discussion the delegations came to an agreement. 3. I haven’t enough money today to make the payments. 4. A writer of plays is called a dramatist. 5. A journalist’s profession is called journalism. 6. The laser measurement of distances has become a new method in the exploration of the Earth-Moon system. 7. Lomonosov was not only a talented scientist, but a materialist philosopher as well. 8. K.Tsiolkovsky was a practical inventor who made his own laboratory equipment.