5.1. Условные придаточные предложения

а)Условные придаточные предложения I типа выражают реальные условия предположения.

Главное

Придаточное

We will make a profit if we increase sales.

Мы получим прибыль , если увеличим объем продажи.

Future Simple Present Simple

will do do/does

б) Условные придаточные предложения II типа выражают маловероятные, малореальные предположения, условия, которые относятся к настоящему или будущему времени.

We would be in a stronger position if we reduced costs.

Мы были бы в более прочном положении , если бы сократили издержки.

We could expand the business if new equipment were used.

Мы могли бы расширить свой бизнес, если бы использовалось новое оборудование.

Главное

Придаточное

Should, Would } do Could, Might

Past Simple did/were для всех лиц

в)Условные предложения III типа выражают нереальные предположения,

условия, относящиеся к прошедшему времени.

It would have been impossible to cope with these difficulties Было бы невозможно справиться с этими трудностями ,

if it had not been for the preliminary work carried out by scientists, designers and technicians. если бы не подготовительная работа, проделанная учеными, дизайнерами и специалистами.

Would, Could } have done Should, might

Past Perfect had done

5.2.Союзы, соединяющие придаточные предложения условия с главным предложением.

If unless provided/providing that in case on condition that suppose/supposing that granted

если если не при условии если в случае если при условии если, допустим, предположим при условии, принимая во внимание

A wider association would be possible, provided that the methods adopted are in line with those proposed at the conference.

Более широкая организация была бы возможна при условии, что принятые меры будут соответствовать методам, предложенным на конференции.

5.3. Бессоюзные придаточные условные предложения

В бессоюзных придаточных условных предложениях вместо союза «if» используется инверсия (обратный порядок слов).

а) В условных предложениях I типа используется глагол «should», который ставится перед подлежащим.

Should this program be carried out we shall face a serious change in the situation.

Если эта программа будет выполнена , мы столкнемся с серьезным изменением в этой ситуации.

б) В условных предложениях II типа используются глаголы had, were, could, should, которые ставятся перед подлежащим.

Were this thinking correct, there would be good reason to oppose further globalization.

Если бы это мнение было правильным, то были бы все основания противостоять дальнейшей глобализации.

Were it not for the e-mail it would be difficult for us to keep in touch.

Если бы не электронная почта, то нам было бы трудно поддерживать связь.

в) В условных предложениях III типа используется глагол had, который ставится перед подлежащим.

Had they known it they would have sent the documents beforehand.

Если бы они знали это ,они бы отправили документы заранее.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения:

1. Even if this were possible, it is not clear that such a definition would be desirable.

2. Had the course of the work to be plotted, the following curve would result.

3. Were we to employ this technique, we ought to update our equipment.

4. Had the model alone been at work, the depression would have ocсurred earlier and been milder.

5. If this condition is fulfilled, entrepreneurs will have optimistic profit and market expectations.

6. These measures call for an appropriate increase in price if the opposite situation prevails.

7. If this were so, it would, of course, greatly strengthen our argument about the importance of the factors governing their expectations.

8. If there were only two or three sovereign states, the volume and characters of these external flows would also be different.

9. Indeed, if growth did not conflict with their objectives, if it could be achieved without cost, it would hardly be worth discussing or even writing a book about.

10. If the world were one unit, there would be no external flows unless connections were established with other planets and their inhabitants.

11. This setback, surely, would not have introduced a long period of stagnation unless the boom had already exhausted itself by creating an overexpansion of productive capacity.

12. If it could be calculated, the world-wide ratio of commodity foreign trade to total output would be dominated by the low rates for fewer larger countries and it would combine these with high ratios for a multitude of small countries.

13. However, it is of interest to note that should the country undergo industrialization and try to shift some of the labour force off the land without increasing wages per man, we would have a shortage of labour.

14. If we allocate a given quantity of resources to science, this implies that we are depriving ourselves of a flow of future benefits that we could have obtained had we directed these resources elsewhere.

15. How much should we spend on basic research? From a given expenditure on science we may expect a given flow, over time, of benefits that would not have been created had none of our resources been directed to basic research.

16. By comparing, for each state per capita purchases with the different prices, the demand-price relation can be measured, provided that the other variables (income, taxes, prices) can be satisfactorily handled.

17. Given this interrelation between economic growth and the intensification of the cult of the supremacy of the nation, the consequences for peaceful and even more, for warlike external relations are obvious.

18. If the economy had been growing at a steady rate during the intervening period, this figure could be taken as proportional to full-capacity output.

19. Provided State 1 is explosive, the ratchet effects can be such as to meet the required conditions, and a process of endogenous fluctuating growth is possible.

20. Provided the long-run trend is accompanied by uncertainty concerning short-run price behavior, there is no reason why a long-run upward trend should become cumulative.

6.Эмфатические конструкции “It is/was…. Which/That/Who, “Do”, Does”, “Did”

6.1. Эмфатическая конструкция с IT служит для выделения различных членов предложения (кроме сказуемого), т.е. несет эмоционально-усилительную функцию. Тот член предложения, который необходимо выделить, ставят после оборота it is/was, а потом ставят соответствующее относительное местоимение (who, whom, that и т.п.) или союз (when, where), которые не переводятся на русский язык. Аналогично можно выделить и целое придаточное предложение.

При переводе, опираясь на контекст, используют те средства русского языка, которые наилучшим образом передают эту эмфазу (например, словами именно, это, как раз и др.; изменением порядка слов и др.) Сочетание it is/was not till/until чаще переводится: только после, только когда, только в такой-то момент.

- It is education that economists regard as the best investment in the future.

Именно (лишь) образование рассматривается экономистами как

наилучший вклад в будущее.

- It is not until full delivery that the goods will be paid for.

Товары будут оплачены только при полной поставке.

6.2. Глагол to do представляет некоторую трудность при переводе, когда он выполняет грамматически эмоционально-усилительную функцию. Глагол to do подчеркивает факт совершения действия или усиливает

значение действия, выраженного глаголом-сказуемым в утвердительной форме Past или Present Indefinite. На русский язык передается словами действительно, все-таки, же, ведь и т.п.

Freedom cannot be absolute, as we do live in an independent society.

Свобода не может быть абсолютной, так как мы действительно (все-таки) живем во взаимозависимом обществе.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. It is the existence of money that makes meaningful the distinction in models between savings and investment.

2. We do know how to maintain effective demand and to avoid mass unemployment, but this is no longer an important issue.

3. It is not the comfort of big city lights but the economic position of the Russian regions that account for the imbalance between Moscow and the regions in terms of foreign investments.

4. Although the United States invented the transistor it was Japan who was the first to flood the world market with pocket transistor radios.

5. If any firms do indeed have good quantitative analyses of their own demands, they are probably wise.

6. It is seats which are important in Parliament, not votes, and it is easy to see why smaller parties would like a system of proportional representation.

7. It won’t be until the end of the congressional session, 10 months from now, that the United States will know what actually can be cut from the budget – and at whose expense.

8. We do need to know how full-capacity output responds to investment, and this involves the use of marginal capital-output ratios.

9. And it is the government’s aim to encourage investment that will best complement Britain’s industrial infrastructure,

10. Most countries do feel that it’s better to be in the WTO system than outside it.

11. It is here that the collaboration between technical colleges on the one hand and industry and business on the other needs to be at its closest.

12. Many people believe that it is only efficient companies which are likely to want to adopt eco-protective measures, unless the government has special legislation.

13. It was not until 1989 when Belgium outlawed corporate political donations.

14. It is because of this single main qualitative difference that independent businesses are so much more efficient than the large organizations whether state-owned or public companies.

15. It is only competition in this limited sense that generally prevails throughout the world.

16. The WTO cannot claim to make all countries equal, but it does reduce some inequalities, giving smaller countries more voice.

17. It is, however, the rising and practically irresistible tide of international migration that poses a new, unprecedented challenge to the trade union leadership in the developed countries.

18. It is not until recently, that the true value of this parameter has been ascertained.

19. The work of English Magistrates Courts is largely criminal, but they do have a limited civil jurisdiction.

20. It was Procter’s son Harle

22. y who first displayed the marketing savvy for which the company became famous,

7. Служебные слова

7.1. Since

В качестве союза since переводится на русский язык: поскольку, так как, с тех пор как, после этого (того). В качестве предлога since переводится: с, со времени и т.п.

- Since the possibility of raising export prices is thought out to be very limited, industrialists fear that there will be a sharp drop in the trade between these two countries. - Так как считается, что возможность повышения цен на экспорт очень ограничена, предприниматели боятся, что произойдет резкий спад торговли между этими двумя странами.

7.2.As

Союз as комбинирует в себе обстоятельства причины и времени. Поэтому при переводе могут использоваться союзные слова: по мере того как; когда; в то время как; так как; поскольку; как. Если преобладание того или иного элемента не усматривается, можно воспользоваться словами: в условиях, когда.

- The new challenge which faced the international community as it approached the beginning of the second millennium was the implementation of human rights. Новой проблемой, вставшей перед мировым сообществом по мере того, как оно приближалось к началу второго тысячелетия, было соблюдение прав человека.

Meanwhile, as domestic sales have slowed, Japanese companies have switched their sights again toward overseas markets.

- Тем временем, так как продажи внутри страны замедлились, японские компании переключились снова на внешние рынки.

7.3 For

В качестве союза for переводится на русский язык: ибо, так как, потому что, ведь.

• They insist on controlling inflation, for it drives up prices. Они настаивают на мерах по сдерживанию (сокращению) инфляции, так как она ведет к росту цен.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. Economics is essentially concerned with human behavior, for in order to make the best use of limited resources and time to produce output or to enjoy leisure, agreements have to be made among people.

2. Similarly, as customer markets become more dispersed, establishments of linkages with customers and suppliers becomes increasingly critical.

3. Since money-supply figures can be unreliable, some economists prefer to watch changes in nominal GDP: roughly, the sum of inflation and real growth.

4. As the society develops and becomes more complex, rules of a more definite nature emerge and a body of laws comes into existence.

5. There isn’t any great gap between the work of experienced modern barristers and solicitors, for there are many barristers who do little advocacy and there are solicitors who have made considerable reputations for themselves in the courts.

6. As knowledge evolves the ability to satisfy old desires may improve but new wants are created.

7. But the actual situation is more adverse since Britain had surplus production capacity.

8. As network television costs soar and audiences shrink, many advertisers are looking for new ways to reach consumers.

9. The economic significance of laws and customs, the so-called “rules of the game”, are underlined, for they are vital in a world of imperfect knowledge, uncertainty and human limited ability to process information.

10. Since this economic policy hasn’t been tried before, and since it isn’t based on any economic model, and since the assumptions on which the administration’s forecasts are based were revised to provide the desired results the skepticism is not entirely unjustified.

11. As legal system evolved, different rules tended to fall into two main categories: criminal law and civil law.

12. Smaller producers have fallen behind since state monopolies took over oil production, and now need western help simply to remain self-sufficient.

13. As the firm expands internationally, it will need to move away from country-centered strategies.

14. Since these profits are closely tied to the economy’s health, a plunge in share prices may occur because the economy’s prospects have grown bleaker, and not the other way round.

15. As more and more firms venture into global markets, competition proliferates, posing new threats and dangers to be reckoned with.

16. Of course, some individuals, social groups and organizations have more choices available than others, for these depend on the distribution of resources, income and wealth; this raises important issues, dependent on a variety of factors.

17. The inferior courts in the US federal system have less political importance, since their principal duty is to settle routine cases where no constitutional question is at stake.

18. As our notions of privacy have changed the courts have emerged as the arena where debate is most often conducted concerning personal matters.

19. Since developments in the oil-refining and chemical industry processes are so closely intertwined, we now turn to consideration of some refinery process innovations.

20. The standards of proof are higher in a criminal action than a civil one, since the loser risks not only financial penalties but also being sent to prison.