4.1. Формы причастия

	active	passive
Present Participle (Participle I)	Producing Производящий Производивший Производя	Being produced Производимый, будучи производимым
Past Participle( Vз ) (Participle II)	-	Produced Произведенный
Perfect Participle	Having produced Произведя	Having been produced Будучи произведенным

4.2. Функции причастия

а) Причастие (Participle I, II ) в функции определения, стоящее после или перед существительным, переводится на русский язык причастием настоящего и прошедшего времени или определительным придаточным предложением в зависимости от контекста.

The goods being advertised in this magazine are in great demand with many

customers.

Товары, рекламируемые в этом журнале, пользуются большим спросом

у многих покупателей.

The aim of this book is to consider the real economic problems faced by

individuals, their organizations and society.

Целью этой книги является рассмотреть реальные экономические

проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются физические лица, их организации и общество.

The committee passed the resolution calling for free trade policies.

Комитет принял резолюцию, призывающую к проведению политики

свободной торговли.

б) Причастие (Participle I, II, Perfect Participle) в функции обстоя

тельства времени, причины, образа действия, условия стоит часто в

начале или в конце предложения и переводится на русский язык

деепричастием или соответствующим придаточным предложением.

Asked about the claim he said the dispute would be settled out of the court.

Когда его спросили об иске, он ответил, что спор будет урегулирован

вне суда.

Having had the opportunity of seeing the full range of your products we

would like to place an order with you. Получив возможность просмот

реть полный ассортимент Вашей продукции, нам бы хотелось разме-

стить у Вас заказ.

Speaking at the meeting of the shareholders the President of the Bank tried

to explain that the problems caused by inflation would soon be solved.

Выступая на собрании акционеров, Президент банка попытался объ-

яснить, что проблемы, вызванные инфляцией будут скоро решены.

в) Причастие (Participle I, II) в функции союзов и предлогов.

Некоторые причастия в функции союзов и предлогов переводятся чаще

на русский язык следующим образом:

Provided, granted (granting) – при условии, принимая во внимание

Supposing, assuming – если, допустим, предположим что

Seeing – поскольку, принимая во внимание, учитывая, ввиду того что

Given – при наличии, если учесть

Failing – при отсутствии

Regarding, respecting - относительно

Pending – до, в ожидании

Following – вслед за

Considering – учитывая

Given shared goals and favorite environment, everyone can contribute to solve the problem.

Если учесть общие цели и благоприятную обстановку, каждый может внести свой вклад в решение этой проблемы.

The task of improving the living standards is quite feasible, provided all national

efforts are concentrated on economic development.

Вполне возможно выполнить задачу по улучшению жизненного уровня при условии, если национальные усилия будут сконцентрированы на экономическом развитии.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. Given the well-known complexities of the Japanese distribution system, the second part of this arrangement is particularly important.

2. Social protection does carry economic costs, reducing the amount of output that can be squeezed from any given amount of capital, labor and other resources.

3. When weighing these costs of globalization against the benefits, economists typically point to the role of government.

4. In any economy closed to flows of trade and finance, the cost will take the form of lower incomes.

5. Labor, in any case, remains far less mobile than capital – rooted by ties of family, culture and language.

6. Given all this, why are American small businesses optimistic about their future?

7. Integration in the wider sense, i.e., the reduction in entrepreneurial risks brought about by a new mode of international behavior and the avoidance of external deflationary shocks, should continue to promote high levels of investment and bring a permanent improvement in productivity growth.

8. The factory sector has spent most of the year in the doldrums, depressed by defense cuts, weaker exports and sagging orders generally.

9. Given the wide range of possibilities, variations among countries and other factors, multinational companies face many complexities with financing.

10. Small businesses the world over complain about bureaucracy, but the red tape spinning out of Washington is copious and the country’s small businesses, handicapped by a lack of resources, find it disproportionately restrictive.

11. Foreign-owned companies that set up British subsidiaries to channel their profits pay no tax provided their management and control remain outside.

12. It’s one of the series of reports being published on the agricultural policies of foreign governments.

13. Given this situation, and considering also the prolonged and acutely depressing inter-war history of instability, unemployment and the failure of advanced industrial countries, to achieve full utilization of their productive potential, it was quite natural that at the end of the war the Keynesian system and its implications should be the central topic of discussion.

14. By encouraging more competition we should narrow the gap between the high rates of return on investment earned by monopolies and the low rates enjoyed by individual savers.

15. Faced with the growing size of their enterprises, many companies have responded by decentralizing management of domestic as well as international business.

16. The procedure adopted has so far been applied mostly in the field of trading agreements.

17. Labor turnover figures suggest that most training given by firms must eventually benefit other firms, as the trained labor is gradually absorbed by other firms.

18. The flexprice markets are mainly those concerned with the trading of raw materials as primary food-stuffs.

19. These tremendous, complex tasks can be carried out given planned development of the national economy and correct leadership of the national economic development.

20. Since the process of growth is viewed as one of rising per capita income, it follows that new technologies must necessarily be embodied in the new capital goods being purchased.

4.3. Абсолютная причастная конструкция (независимый причаст- ный оборот)

Абсолютная причастная конструкция состоит из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в именительном падеже и причастия I, II и отделяется от главного предложения запятой. Конструкция может выполнять в предложении функцию обстоятельства времени, причины, условия или сопутствующего обстоятельства.

Независимый причастный оборот переводится на русский язык в зависимости от места в предложении и контекста, он часто вводится предлогом ‘with’ , который на русский язык не переводится.

а) Оборот, стоящий в начале предложения переводится обстоятельсвенным придаточным предложением времени, причины, условия и вводится союзами «когда», «теперь, когда», «после того как», «так как», «поскольку» и «если»

- With industrialization going on at its present rate, the world’s fuel reserves will be exhausted within the near future.

Теперь, когда промышленность развивается такими темпами, мировые запасы топлива будут израсходованы в ближайшем будущем.

- With experiments having been carried out, we started new investigations.

После того, как были проведены эксперименты, мы начали новые исследования.

- The documents not having arrived on time, the trial had to be postponed. Так как документы не прибыли вовремя, судебное разбирательство пришлось отложить.

- Weather permitting, we’ll have a picnic on the seashore.

Если погода будет благоприятствовать (позволит) мы устроим пикник на берегу моря.

б) Оборот, стоящий в конце предложения, переводится союзами «а», «и», «но», «причем» или самостоятельными предложениями без союза.

The agreement is drawn up in English and in Russian, both texts being equally valid. Договор составлен на английском и русском языках, причем оба текста имеют одинаковую силу.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. However, in practice, many vital elements of planning exist in market economies, with allocative decisions being made by governments and, for example, within business firms.

2. With modern techniques introduced, the employers, worsen the labor conditions of the workers and try to break their resistance against increasing exploitation.

3. With smoking preferences indicated so clearly, product substitution among cigarette smokers, barring extreme price changes, is not very likely.

4. With exchange weakly developed, the producers, crop farmers, animal breeders exchanged their goods themselves.

5. The parties having failed to conclude an agreement, there is no way of telling what outcome will be.

6. All of these countries use the market in different degrees, Hong Kong and the USA might be thought of as the archetypal market economies with large proportions of their resources allocated by markets.

7. In China there has been a less centralized approach with resources communally owned.

8. With Britain gripped by recession and 2.5 million unemployed, intense competition for jobs tends to leave black youths behind.

9. There have always been fluctuations in the business cycle of the economy, with boom conditions being followed by recessions.

10. The choice having been made, all the other alternatives have been rejected.

11. Labor market expenditures (LME) include both active and passive policies designed to facilitate job creation and transitions, with the majority of expenditures being unemployment insurance benefits.

12. With sales of automobiles of the domestic market sagging, and many dealers in deficit, the pressure to export autos last year was acute.

13. The rich world, they say, is not only appropriating the developing world’s best brains but getting them on the cheap, with their education paid for by someone else.

14. This means examining not only the likely course of events within these countries and in the developing world but also the interactions between the two, the aim being to assess the importance of structural changes which will affect the economy of the world as a whole.

15. With their profits siphoned off by the central government bonds, some production units will undoubtedly have to curtail expansion plans, profit-sharing and other incentives to workers.

16. The USA has no national police force, the FBI influence being limited to a very few federal crimes, such as kidnapping.

17. The British system of weights and measures has evolved from units having many origins, many of the units having been introduced into Britain at the time of Roman conquest.

18. Macroeconomic theories provide explanations about how an economy works overall; all the components of an economy operating together as a whole.

19. With coal consumption in Britain in the first three months exceeding oil for the first time in 9 years miners felt in a strong position to achieve their demands.

20. The cargo was badly damaged by the fire, the owners suffering great losses.

5. Сослагательное наклонение. Условные предложения.

Сослагательное наклонение выражает предполагаемое или желаемое действие.

В английском языке сослагательное наклонение выражается различными формами. В русском же языке оно имеет только одну форму-сочетание глагола прошедшего времени с частицей «бы»(сделал бы). Поэтому возникает ряд трудностей при переводе таких предложений.

Сослагательное наклонение употребляется в условных предложениях II и III типа.