1. Глаголы, употребляемые в страдательном залоге

(he) is reported to … передают/сообщают/сообщается, что

is believed to … полагают, считают, что …

is considered to … считают/ считается, что ….

is thought to …. считают, думают, что …

is understood to по имеющимся сведениям, считают что;

по существующей договоренности/

согласно договоренности…

is expected to …. ожидается, предполагается, что ,,,,

is alleged to … говорят, считают, что (он) якобы ….

is heard to …. имеются сведения, что ….

is seen to … считается/рассматривается/ рассмат-

ривают, считают что

is felt to … считают, что …

is said to … говорят, что …

is known to …. известно, что ….

is claimed to … утверждают, считают, что

is supposed to … предполагают, считают, что …

is assumed to … допускают, предполагают, что …

2. Глаголы, употребляемые в действительном залоге:

seems to

appears to } казаться, по-видимому

proves to }

turns out to оказываться

happens to случаться, случайно оказаться, доводиться

случайно

3. Сочетания с глаголом to be

is likely to вероятно, может быть

is unlikely to маловероятно, едва ли/вряд ли

is sure/ is certain to обязательно, наверняка

The trial, which has been rumored everywhere for so long, is believed to be nearly completed. Полагают, что судебный процесс, о котором повсеместно так долго ходят слухи, почти завершен.

She appears to be a very good specialist in this subject. Кажется (по-видимому), она хороший специалист в этой области.

In these circumstances the Bank is unlikely to reduce current interest rate levels in the immediate future. При таких обстоятельствах Банк вряд ли сократит текущую процентную ставку в ближайшем будущем.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. The growing integration of national economies is said to have changed the way the world works.

2. According to the utilitarian theory, the state is expected to provide the minimum standards of provision, including housing, education, health, social security and local services.

3. It can be said that a decision reached by a fair decision making process is likely to be a better decision.

4. Many people seem to believe that economics is simply a study of business, banking and markets

5. A man is assumed to live in a world where people are merely market players engrossed in the everlasting pursuit of the best buy.

6. The company is expected to obtain a full quotation for its shares on the London Stock Exchange tomorrow.

7. Discussions were expected to continue on the subject of growth, inflation and employment.

8. Political stability is generally thought to be a good thing, but economic changes are usually inevitable.

9. Depending on the category of crime only one fourth to one half of all criminal acts are believed to be reported.

10. U.S. officials were said to consider that uncertainty was bound to continue unless some drastic measures were taken.

11. His detention without trial is claimed to have been a violation of the European Convention of Human Rights.

12. The thief is stated to have kept the stolen picture for more than two years in the hope that the theft would be forgotten.

13. This was the situation with most of the British exhibitors, the majority of whom displayed expensive, sophisticated machinery of original design and an advanced technical standard for which actual orders are rarely expected to be placed on the spot.

14. U.S. officials were said to consider that uncertainty was bound to continue unless some drastic measures were taken.

15. Its overall profitability is said to be below Philips' international average.

16. Areas in which the UK engineering industry is especially strong are said to include power generation, oil projects, consultancy and project management.

17. The Department of Industry is believed to have offered Philips nearly $ 1 million last year to keep the plant open.

18. The Bank of England has been examining the applications and is believed to have considered whether the award of banking licenses in London should be matched by concessions for British banks operating in Japan.

19. Ford is understood to be close to a decision to establish a car diesel engine manufacturing plant in Britain.

20. Advertising appears unlikely to have some cumulative effect that leads to loyalty.

3.2. Инфинитивный оборот For-Phrase

Этот оборот представляет собой сочетание предлога FOR с существительным в общем падеже или личным местоимением в объектном падеже, за которым следует инфинитив. Инфинитив показывает, какое действие должно быть совершено лицом, обозначенным существительным или местоимением. Этот оборот выполняет функции различных членов предложения, в научной литературе чаще всего обстоятельства цели или следствия. На русский язык переводится при помощи инфинитива или придаточного предложения, которое вводится союзами что и чтобы.

- Current plans are for the President to make a statement in the first part of next week. В настоящий момент планы состоят в том, чтобы Президент выступил с заявлением в начале следующей недели.

- The first thing for them to do is to start the experiment. Первое, что они должны сделать – это начать эксперимент.

- It is not for us to decide. Не нам это решать

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. Overall economic growth makes it possible for farmers to concentrate on a narrower range of commodities.

2. There was a general tendency for wage rates to rise relative to productivity.

3. Many industrial projects are too complex for experts to evaluate their effect on the environment.

4. The problem under discussion was too complicated for the participants in the Congress to cope with.

5. One way for the company to protect its market share is to try to find ways to increase the size of the entire market.

6. One of the subjects which the President discussed with the French Foreign Minister was a proposal for a conference of European countries to discuss security measures to ensure peace in Europe.

7. State election laws make it difficult or virtually impossible for minority parties to qualify for a place on the ballot.

8. The resolution allows for an emergency session of the General Assembly to be called on 24-hour notice by a majority of the entire memberships.

9. There is a need for the more highly skilled technologists to be kept in continuous contact with the development of research into new processes and new products.

10. It is associated with the tendency for the output of agricultural products to be more than the market will absorb.

11. This emphasizes the desperate need for the Government to fulfill its pledge to meet the problem with a lower rate of interest for housing.

12. It is also necessary in all countries for long-term policy to recognize the changes within agriculture and to facilitate their accomplishment.

13. All these factors aggravated the debt problem and it was impossible for the country to meet its external debt service obligations in time.

14. It is necessary for at least ten of the twelve jurors to agree in order to find a defendant guilty.

15. In these circumstances the party leaders had no plan for the Prime Minister to make a unity appeal when he attends today’s party meeting.

16. The British Prime Minister sought to reduce the income tax bite on middle- and upper-income people, believing it would provide an incentive for them to work harder, save and invest more money to help get the economy moving again.

17. It is time for the flurry of activity to be accompanied by a detailed explanation of the decisions made so far.

18. The WTO is a forum for member governments to negotiate trade agreements and to try to sort out trade problems.

19. Judges do not merely apply the law, in some cases they make law, and their interpretations may become precedents for others to follow.

20. The reduction in the proportion of domestic product also reflects the tendency, as economic growth progresses, for an increasing proportion of the inputs used in agriculture to be produced in non-farm sectors.

4. Причастие