Контрольні питання

1. Утворення теперішнього завершеного часу.

2. Яку дію означає цей час?

3. Винятки при утворенні цього часу.

Література: [1, с. 58-63; 2, с. 63-70; 3, с. 69-72; 4, с. 40-47; 5, с. 50-55]

Практичне заняття 15, 16 What Can Make You Feel Worse

Тема: What Can Make You Feel Worse

Мета: вивчення лексики з фаху, минулого завершеного часу.

Короткі теоретичні відомості

1. Memorize the following words:

damage	пошкодити
undervalued	недооцінений
claim	стверджувати
believe	вірити, вважати
threat	загроза
guilt	провина
lack	нестача
suicide	самогубство
shift	зміна
overcome	долати
alert	бадьорий
suggest	пропонувати
consist	складатися

2. Read and translate the text.

AND SOME THAT CAN MAKE YOU FEEL WORSE

Low self-esteem

Feeling like an underdog, it seems, can damage your health. Research by the National Rheumatism and Arthritis Council showed that workers who feel undervalued or out of control at work, are significantly more likely to suffer from back problems. Depression, a spokesman claimed, is actually far more likely to cause backache than heavy lifting. Professor Warburton believes that one of the greatest health threats comes from negative feelings such as depression or guilt, which create stress hormones, producing cholesterol.

Lack of bright light

Scientists have known for some time about Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): a form of depression caused by lack of light in winter, and thought to explain relatively high suicide rates in countries such as Sweden, where for parts of the year days are very short. However, recent research has shown that those working night shifts in factories can suffer from the same problem, leading to stress and depression. The problem can be overcome by illuminating workplaces with lights three times brighter than usual, making workers fell happier and more alert.

A low-fat diet

A low-fat diet may be good for your waistline, but the latest research suggests that it is less beneficial psychologically. A team of volunteers at Sheffield University, asked to follow a diet consisting of just twenty-five per cent fat (the level recommended by the World Health Organization) reported a marked increase in feelings of hostility and depression. And an earlier piece of research revealed, startlingly, that people on low-fat diets are more likely to meet a violent death!

Drinking coffee

Many of us are already aware that drinking coffee raises your blood pressure and can cause anxiety, but according to the latest research it can also make you bad-tempered. Mice, that were given regular doses of caffeine by researchers, were found to be unusually aggressive!

The wrong genes

Despite all the changes we make to our behavior, diet, and environment there is growing evidence that at the end of the day, whether we are cheerful or miserable is largely a question of our genes. "Of course what happens to you in your life will make difference to how happy you are" say scientists, "but there are two or three vital genes which probably decide how cheerful you are in comparison to others in a similar situation." So whatever else you do, make sure you choose your genes carefully!

3. Answer the following questions.

1) When do workers suffer from back problems?

2) What can cause backache?

3) What are the greatest health threats?

4) Is bright light important to feel better? Why?

4. Memorize the following grammar material:

PAST PERFECT TENSE

(Минулий завершений час)

+) Стверджувальна форма

I, we, you, they, he, she, it

had V3

–) заперечна форма

I, we, you, they, he, she, it

had not V3

?) питальна форма

…had

I, we, you, they, he, she, it

V3

Цей час означає минулу дію, яка відбулася раніше іншої минулої дії. Уживається зі словами: до 5 години – by 5 o’clock, до суботи – by Saturday, до 15 грудня – by the 15^th of December, до кінця року – by the end of the year, до того часу – by that time, when we came – коли ми прийшли.

For example: We had translated the article by 5 o’clock. They had not shipped the goods by that time. Had you learnt these terms when we came?