Areyouoptimisticabouttheuseofalternativesourcesofenergy?Makealistofadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthecurrenttrendsinenergyproducingtechnologies.
TranslatethearticlefromRussianintoEnglish.БиоэнергетикавРоссии–однаизсамыхмолодыхинаиболееперспективныхотраслейэкономики.Кпонятию«биоэнергетика»относитсявсе,чтотакилииначесвязаносполучениемвпромышленныхмасштабахэнергииизразличноговозобновляемогосырьябиологическогопроисхождения.Такоесырьеиегопроизводныеобычноназываютбиотопливом.Биотопливобываеттвердым,жидкимилигазообразным.Ономожетизготавливатьсяизсамогоразногосырья,такогокакдревесныеотходы,отходысельскохозяйственногопроизводства(лузга,шелуха,солома,тростник),бытовыеотходы,канализационныестоки.ВРоссии,сеебогатымизапасаминефти,газаидругогоископаемогосырья,кэтойтемедолгоотносились,какк,своегорода,забаведляэнтузиастовотнауки.ЛишьвсамомначалеXXIвекатемойпроизводствабиотопливаначалинтересоватьсябизнес.
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Self-assessmentx
Translatetheartcleusingadictionary.
GeothermalPowerCouldBecomeaGoodAlternativeforMakingElectricity
Itnowmakesupjustasliveroftheelectricitygenerationpie.ButexpertsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaythatenhancedgeothermalsystems(EGS)couldhavefarwiderapplicationsandbeespeciallyusefulintimesofhighenergypricesandcarbonconstraints.Notonlyarethesystemsmuchcleanerthan
fossilfuelsbuttheyalsoprovideacontinuousflowofenergy—allatcompetitiveprices.
Geothermalenergyisaverylargeresourceandhasthepotentialtobeasignificantcontributortotheenergyneedsoftheworld.Geothermalnowprovideslessthan1%oftheworld’spower,althoughitcouldsupplyasmuchas20%inthecomingdecades.
HowGeothermalPowerWorks?Togettherethetoolstoperfectdeepdrillingandwaterflowthroughtheundergroundnavigationsystemareneeded.
GeothermalresourcesareavailablenationwideintheUSA.Butthehighest-gradesitesareinwesternstateswherehotrocksareclosertothesurface,requiringlessdrillingandtherebyreducingexplorationcosts.Oncethere,thosewellsmustthenbelinkedwithnaturalorinducedfracturesintherocktoallowthewatertoflowthrough.
Waterispumpedviathewellsthroughthesefracturesinthehotrockanduptothesurfacetorunelectricgeneratorsatthesurface.Unlikeconventionalfossil-fuelpowerplantsthatburncoal,naturalgasoroil,nofuelwouldberequired.Theenvironmentaleffectsofgeothermalpowerare“markedlylower”thaneitherfossilfuelsornuclearpower.Andunlikewindandsolarsystems,ageothermalplantworksnightandday.
Thisenvironmentaladvantageisduetolowemissionsandthesmalloverallfootprintoftheentiregeothermalsystem,whichresultsbecauseenergycaptureandextractioniscontainedentirelyunderground,andthesurfaceequipmentneededforconversiontoelectricityisrelativelycompact.
It’snotaneasyobjective,though.Itcostsalotofmoneytodrillwellsinlargepartbecauseexplorersneedtodrilldeepintotheearth,often5,000feetormorebelowtheearth’ssurface.Meetingwaterrequirementsforgeothermalplantsmaybeanissue,particularlyinaridregions.
Further,thewaterthatisusedtocreateelectricitymustbekeptseparatefromdrinkingwatersuppliestopreventcontamination.Additionally,thepotentialforseismicriskfromfluidinjectionneedstobecarefullymonitored.Thecumulativeeffectofallthoseobstacleshasledskepticstoconcludethatgeothermalenergywillremainanominalpowersource.
PeggyDanielsBecker,AlternativeEnergy