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Organic Architecture

One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth-century architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright attended the University of Wisconsin in Madison before moving to Chicago, where he eventually joined the firm headed by Louis Sullivan. Wright set out to create "architecture of democracy." Early influences were the volumetric shapes in a set of educational blocks the German educator Friedrich Froebel designed, the organic unity of a Japanese building Wright saw at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, and a Jeffersonian belief in individualism and populism. Always a believer in architecture as "natural" and "organic," Wright saw it as serving free individuals who have the right to move within a "free" space-envisioned as a nonsymmetrical design interacting spatially with its natural surroundings. He sought to develop an organic unity of planning, structure, materials, and site.

Wright manifested his vigorous originality early, and by 1900 he had arrived at a style entirely his own. Wright fully expressed the elements and concepts of organic architecture in Robie House, built between 1907 and 1909. Like other buildings in the Chicago area he designed at about the same time, this was called a "prairie house." Wright conceived the long, sweeping ground-hugging lines, unconfined by abrupt wall limits, as reaching out toward and capturing the expansiveness of the Midwest's great flatlands. Wright filled the "wandering" plan of the Robie House with intricately joined spaces grouped freely around a great central fireplace. He believed strongly in the hearth's age-old domestic significance. Wright designed enclosed patios, overhanging roofs, and strip windows to provide unexpected light sources and glimpses of the outdoors as people move through the interior space. These elements, together with the open ground plan, create a sense of space-in-motion inside and out.

HAND OUT 8

Read the poem with proper intonation and stress and recite it.

A poem about business

LIW №11

3

I remember the day

And remember it well.

All I had left

For me to sell,

Was the time that I had,

My talent, my dream.

I was out on my own,

Or so it would seem.

I struggled at first

And knew not the way.

For none had taught me

What to do or say.

An owner I was,

Diligent and true,

Seeking success

And what to do.

The wisdom is there

If I would but learn.

Anything I believed

I now could earn.

I am in control

Of my business fate.

As long as I learn

It will be great.

I'll seek out the ones

Who can help me today.

And never forget

My start that day.

Read and translate the text and be ready for its discussion.

Early autos

A

LIW 12

1

merica's passion for the automobile developed rather quickly in the beginning of the twentieth century. Automobiles in the beginning of the twentieth century were quite unlike today's models. Many of them were electric cars, even though the electric models had quite a limited range and needed to be recharged frequently at electric charging stations; many others were powered by steam, though it was often required that drivers of steam cares be certified steam engineers due to the dangers inherent in operating a steam-powered machine. The early automobiles also lacked much emphasis on body design; in fact, they were often little more than benches on wheels, though by the end of the first decade of the century they had progressed to leather-upholstered chairs or sofas on thin wheels that absorbed little of the incessant pounding associated with the movement of these machines.

In spite of the rather rough and undeveloped nature of these early horseless carriages, something about them grabbed people's imagination, and their use increased rapidly, though not always smoothly. In the first decade of the last century, roads were shared by the horse-drawn and horseless variety of carriages, a situation that was rife with problems and required strict measures to control the incidents and accidents that resulted when two such different modes of transportation were used in close proximity. New York City, for example, banned horseless vehicles from Central Park early in the century because they had been involved in so many accidents, often causing injury or death. However, the measures taken were less a means of limiting use of the automobile and more a way of controlling the effects of an invention whose use increased dramatically in a relatively short period of time. Automobile manufacturing had become the top industry in the United States and accounted for six percent of the manufacturing in the country.

HAND OUT 9

Office hours 5

1

Write an essay on the topic ‘Company’s unwritten rules’.

LIW №13

Read the poem with proper intonation and stress and learn by heart.

Corporate culture

To earn one’s living there must be an easier way

Than working in a menial job for menial

You age so fast your hair prematurely gray

And you must work hard till your retirement day.

When you ask the boss for a raise his answer no

For a raise in pay you must have more to show

The unemployed are many and the jobs are few

And there’s plenty more to do the job you do

At 5.30 a.m. each work day from bed I rise

Before daylight has lit the morning skies

Then long drive to work in smoky old work van

Such is the lot of the common working man.

I do not receive or seek sympathy

For there are many far worse off than me

But living life would be a lot more fun

If I did not have to rise before the sun.

HAND OUT №10

LIW №15

1

LIW №14

3

Prepare a report on the topic ‘My favorite fashion style’

Write a Letter of Congratulation on the given sample (p.179)

HAND OUT №11

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