Wildlife on Golf Courses

Golf today is one of the fastest growing sports. There are now almost two and a half thousand courses in Britain and that number is increasing each year. With a growing number of people wanting to take up the game, more and more clubs are being formed to meet demand.

All over the country, new courses are being constructed on farmland no longer needed for that purpose because of the increased efficiency of modern agricultural methods. Yet it’s not just the golfers who are benefiting from this rapid expansion. Many of the courses provide a haven for wildlife and most of the new courses under construction have been planned carefully to ensure that this will always be so. With proper planning, the land used in developing these new courses not only provides much needed new playing facilities, it also creates an environment in which the natural wildlife can flourish.

While some forms of wildlife on courses are positively encouraged, there are, however, a few animals that can only be regarded as a nuisance, Moles love golf courses and they thrive on them. But as they surface, they push up piles of earth above the grass that do considerable damage to the playing surface. Encouraging wildlife onto a golf course can prove counter-productive. What can you do if a magpie removes your ball from the hole and flies away with it?

Вut the vast majority of wild life on a golf course helps maintain nature's natural balance and in addition provides an attractive and interesting backdrop to the game. The ponds and lakes, for example, attract a large variety of plant and animal life and it’s surprising how quickly life appears in and around a newly created body of water. And the large variety of habitats that are often found on a course make finding food a little easier for the birds.

At many coastal golf courses adders can often be found. They don’t present a threat to the golfers, as they are shy, timid snakes that glide off into the undergrowth if disturbed. Since they feed mainly on rodents, they play an important role in controlling the number of mice and other creature's that do damage to golf courses.

Keys for listening test

text №	test №	true	false	text №	test №	true	false	text №	test №	true	false
1	1		+	11	1		+	21	1		+
	2	+			2	+			2		+
	3		+		3	+			3	+
	4		+		4		+		4	+
2	1		+	12	1	+		22	1		+
	2	+			2	+			2		+
	3		+		3	+			3	+
	4	+			4		+		4	+
3	1	+		13	1	+		23	1	+
	2	+			2		+		2		+
	3		+		3	+			3		+
	4		+		4	+			4		+
4	1		+	14	1	+		24	1	+
	2	+			2	+			2		+
	3		+		3	+			3	+
	4	+			4		+		4		+
5	1	+		15	1	+		25	1	+
	2		+		2		+		2		+
	3	+			3	+			3		+
	4	+			4	+			4	+
6	1	+		16	1	+		26	1		+
	2		+		2	+			2	+
	3	+			3		+		3	+
	4		+		4		+		4		+
7	1		+	17	1	+		27	1	+
	2		+		2		+		2		+
	3	+			3	+			3	+
	4		+		4		+		4	+
8	1		+	18	1	+		28	1	+
	2	+			2		+		2	+
	3		+		3	+			3	+
	4		+		4		+		4		+
9	1	+		19	1		+	29	1	+
	2		+		2		+		2		+
	3		+		3	+			3		+
	4	+			4		+		4	+
10	1		+	20	1		+	30	1	+
	2	+			2		+		2	+
	3	+			3	+			3		+
	4		+		4	+			4		+

PART IV

MAtERIALS for LEARNER’S INDependent WORK (LIW)

and Office HOURS

TASKS FOR LIW and OFFICE HOURS

HAND OUT №1

Office hours №1 №1

Read the poem with proper intonation and recite The road not taken Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And look down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I - I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.

LIW №1 №3

Write an essay on the topic ‘Is marriage old-fashioned?’

HAND OUT №2

LIW №3 №1 LIW №2 №1

Write Thank you Letter using the given example (p. 185). Read the text and be ready for its discussion. Aquatic Schools

Many species of fish, particularly smaller fish, travel in schools, moving in tight formations, often with the precision of the most highly disciplined military unit on parade. Some move in synchronized hordes, while others move in starkly geometric forms. In addition to the varieties of shapes of schools of fish, there are countless varieties of schooling behaviors. Some fish coalesce into schools and then spread out in random patterns, while others move into close formations at specific times. Some move in schools composed of members of all age groups, while others move in schools predominantly when they are young but take up a more solitary existence as they mature. Though this behavior is quite a regular, familiar phenomenon, there is much that is not completely known about it, particularly the exact function that it serves and what mechanisms fish use to make it happen.

Numerous hypotheses have been proposed and tested concerning the purpose of schooling behavior in fish. Schooling certainly promotes the survival of the species, but questions arise as to the way the schooling enables fish to have a better chance of surviving.

Another form of protection comes from the special coloration and markings of different types of fish. Certain types of coloration or markings such as stripes or patterns in vibrant and shiny colors create a visual effect when huge numbers of the fish are clustered together, making it more difficult for a potential predator to focus on specific members of the school. A final form of protection comes from a special sense that fish possess a sense that is enhanced when fish swim in schools. This special sense is related to a set of lateral line.

HAND OUT №3

LIW №4

№1

Write an essay on the given topic ‘Modern technology’.

Office hours № 2 №1

Read and translate the text. Modern medical science

Cloning is 'making a copy of a plant or animal by taking a cell from it and developing it artificially'. Many people were worried: what if the same techniques were used for some rich, elderly person to reinvent himself; or if an evil dictator produced hundreds of copies of himself in order to take over the world; or grieving relatives used cloning to bring their loved ones back to life? The truth is that there is no chance that any copy of a human being would be identical either physically or mentally, any more than children are identical to their parents. The possible benefits of cloning, however, are numerous, for artificially producing human tissues and organs for transplant, and for preserving endangered animal species to name but two. Biologists have already genetically engineered headless frogs so it may in future be possible to clone headless humans whose organs could be used for transplants. In one famous case, a British girl born with a rare bone condition that left her with only one ear, had a new one grown for her at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary in the USA. By taking cells from her existing ear and transplanting them onto the back of a mouse, scientists grew her another one, which could then be transplanted back. Scientists have also transplanted monkeys' heads on to new bodies, paving the way for head transplants to be performed on humans. The monkeys were able to eat, drink and sleep normally. Robert White, head of neurosurgery at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio said the operation could be available to humans within thirty years, but the experiment has been condemned as an example of 'the disastrous route Western medicine is taking, in which prolonging individual life takes precedence over everything'.

HAND OUT №4

Read and translate the text and prepare questions for its discussion. Esperanto LIW № 5 Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial language. It was created more than a century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhof believed that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures. In Zamenhof’s first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was as uncomplicated as possible. The first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understand or to retain. Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in this language end in o, as in the noun amiko, which means “friend”, and all adjectives end in –a, as in the adjective bela, which means “pretty”. Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means “enemy”, and the word malbela therefore means “ugly” in Zamenhof’s language. In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used a pen name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto because this word means “a person who hopes” in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by 1905, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia. I LIW № 6 №1 n 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4000 attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World War I erupted and forced it cancellation. Prepare a report on the theme ‘Field of science and research’.

HAND OUT № 5