- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions and word-combinations:
- •X. Inform the group about your activities and find out if he or she does the same:
- •XI. Express doubt concerning the truth of the following statements:
- •XII. Ask about the following as in the model:
- •XIII. Translate info English:
- •XIV. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •IX. Make your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and word-combinations:
- •X. Open the brackets using the Present Indefinite Tense in the Passive Voice:
- •XI. Read and change the sentences according to the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and words-combinations:
- •X. Refer the following statements to the past:
- •XI. Ask questions to which the following statements are answers:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •Vei. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and word-combinations:
- •X. Express the following in the Passive Voice:
- •XI. Ask questions to the following sentences:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following exp ressions:
- •X. Inform the group about the future activites or states:
- •XI. Ask for confirmations of the truth of the following statements:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following exp ressions:
- •X. Make the following sentences passive:
- •XI. Translate the verbs in brackets in English using them in the necessary tense-form:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and) translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using Hie following expressions:
- •X. Put questions to the italicized words:
- •XI. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the fallowing words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences using the Passive Voice according to the model:
- •XI. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Continuous Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Put the infinitives in brackets in the Past Continuous Tense:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Past Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Ask when and w/iaf-quesfions using the Passive Voice:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Past Continuous Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Change the following sentences from direct into indirect speech:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Future Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Transform the negative form of the Present Continuous Tense into the affirmative form of the Present Perfect Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XI. Put the infinitives in brackets in the Present Perfect Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Ask when and w/rere-questions using the Passive Voice:
- •XII. Translate into English, using the Present Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •X. Change from direct into indirect speech:
- •XI. Ask questions as in the model:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Past Perfect Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill In the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Make up one complex sentence according to the mo del:
- •XI. Make the following sentences passive:
- •XII. Translate info English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word' combinations and word-groups:
- •IV. Read and translate the text;
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII, Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences using the Future Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XI. Use the verbs in brackets in the Future Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Combine the given two sentences into one using the Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
- •XI. Complete the following sentences as in the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Complete the following sentences as in the model using the Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
- •XI. Ask questions to which the following statements are answers:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situation:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Change the verbs in the principle clause into the Past Indefinite Tense and make all the necessary changes in the subordinate clause:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Answer the following questions as in the models:
- •Xl Change the following sentences using the Present Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Conditional Mood:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-qroups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •Xl Paraphrase the sentences as in the model:
- •XII. Translate into English using Subjunctive I:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Paraphrase the following sentences:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Paraphrase the sentences using Subjunctive II as in the model:
- •XI. Complete the following sentences:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •111. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read) and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Replace the attributive clauses by the Infinitive:
- •XI. Make sentences with seem and appear according to the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up youp own dialogue using the following expressions and word-combinations:
- •X. Combine the given two sentences into one using the Objective Infinitive Complex:
- •XI. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Infinitive Complex:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the following terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences into simple ones using the Subjective Infinitive Complex:
- •XI. Change the sentences according to the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences using participle phrases instead of the subordinate clauses:
- •XI. Translate into English using Participle I, Participle II where it is necessary:
- •XII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •111. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Participle Complex:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Absolute Participle Complex:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks wffh appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change these sentences according to the models:
- •XII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks wffh appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate info English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •X. Change the following sentences according to the models:
- •Vocabulary
IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
measures of economic activity price index
to consume relative prices
market prices to export
to be measured expenditures
opportunity costs to normalize
unit of account to exceed
useful prices
to import current
X. Complete the following sentences as in the model using the Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
Model: He had been studying microeconomics for 2 years ... . He had been studying microeconomics for 2 years before he passed the exam (by that time, etc.). 1. They had been quoting prices on these goods for an
hour ... . 2. This company had been lowering stocks in value
for 2 hours ... . 3. They had been discussing current prices for 20 minutes ... . 4. We had been talking about the aggregate output for half on hour ... . 5. They had been establishing price index for an hour ....
XI. Ask questions to which the following statements are answers:
Model: They had been discussing market prices for half an
hour before he came.
How long had they been discussing market prices? 1. He had been calculating expenditures for 20 minutes before the manager came. 2. We had been discussing current prices on this equipment for an hour by that time. 3. They had been talking about the contract on different commodities for 15 minutes before the chief came. 4. I had been making purchases for half an hour before he came. 5. They had been talking about different measures of economic activity for 15 minutes before I came back.
XII. Translate into English:
1. Bohm o6roBopK>Bann 3aranbHHM pJBeHb uJh ynpOflOB>K 20 xbmiimh nepeA tmm, ak nosepnyBCH wetf). 2. Bohm 3HM>KyBanM u,iHM Ha TOBapn Bwe BnpoAOBJK Micsmn ao Toro nacy. 3. Bih niApaxoByeaB BMTpaTM KOMnaHfi* BnpoflOBJtt abox toamh nepeA tmm, hk noBepHyBCn 3aBiAyBan BiAAiny- 4. Mh o6roBOpK>Bann icHytoni ujhm Ha TOBapn npornroM niBroAMHM ao TOro *»acy. 5. Bih perenbHo BMBMaB pMHKOBi uJhm Ha o6naAH3HHfi npoTJt-tom roAMHM nepeA tmm, jik noBepHyBCn Moro weep.
XIII. Communicative situation:
If the price index increases from $50 to 180 in a single year, are the individuals living within the economy worse off or better olf?
124
125
e.g.
We shall take advantage oi the situation. comparative
advantage —
BiflHocMa nepeBara e.g. An individual will be relatively better or
have a
comparative
advantage. share
—
nacrKa, nafi
e.g.
We shall all have a share in the profits. benefit
—
npnnocnTn/oTpHMyBaTn Kopwcib e.g. The new railway will benefit the
district. to
imply —
03HaHaiM, MaTH Ha yBa3i; nepeflSanaTH e.g. Silence sometimes
implies consent.
sacTKa npn6yTKiBII. Give English equivalents of the following:
III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
Lesson 2U
EXCHANGE AMD SPECIALIZATION
I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
gain — npn6yroK, BMrpaw, 3wck
e.g. An economy exists because there are gains from exchange and specialization.
exchange — o6mjh
e.g. We would like to continue this trend of an educational exchange among teachers of our 2 countries.
specialization — cneu,iani3au,in
e.g. Generally specialization leads to an increase in the production of goods and services.
to value — ouJHtoBaTH
e.g. He valued the house for me at 20,000 pounds.
well-being — no6po6yT
e.g. Exchange and specialization between individuals increase the well-being of individuals within an economy.
to interact — B3aeMOfliflTw
e.g. Individuals sometimes interact in cooperative ways with other individuals.
explicit — 4ITKHlt, T04HMH
e.g. He was quite explicit about the matter.
to facilitate — noneriuyBaTii, flonoMara™, cnpujrrM
e.g. Modern inventions have facilitated housework.
measurable — bmmjphhm
e.g. We came within measurable distance of success.
subjective — cy6'€KTMBHMM
e.g. Gains from exchange are not merely subjective,
to provide an incentive — 3a6e3neHyBarn cthmv/i, 3aoxo-
HyBSTM
e.g. It provides an incentive for individuals to facilitate the
exchanges among other individuals. preference — ynoAo6aHHn; nepeBara e.g. I should choose this in preference to any other. to enhance — 36inbiuyBaTn, nocnniOBaTM, niABMnyBaTM e.g. That someone's well-being is enhanced by exchange
does not imply that another person's well-being is undermined. to induce — cnoHyKain, cTHMynroBa™ e.g. What induced you to do such a thing. to take advantage of smth. — cKopHcraTMcn 3 norocb
npnHocnTM KopMCTb napTwepaM no
yroAi 3HCK bia o6MiHy Ta cneniani3au.f1' o6MJHH>BaTMCsi pecypcaMM Ta
TOBapaMM B3aeMOAiaTK wnaxoM cniBnpauj Bnpa3He 6a>KaHHH cniBnpau,toBaTM cnpMHTu o6MiHy Ta cneu,iani3au,Li
, Exchanges or trades of this sort increase ...
. If individuals can freely .... they can specialize in particular production activities.
.Individuals sometimes ... with other individuals even though there is no explicit intention to cooperate.
. If provides an incentive for individuals ... among other individuals.
. It is impossible ... from specialization without being witling to exchange.
. Trade between nations will also ... and will depend upon comparative advantage.
. Specialization ... on others for the goods that one might have produced but for which one trades.
niflBHLnyBaTM flo6po6yr 3a6e3neMyBaTM cinMyn CKOpucTaTMCn 3 npM-
6yTKia nepeflSaiaTM 3ane>KHicrb
36inbLUyB3TKCfl saBflflKM
o6MiHy
interact in apparently, cooperative ways to facilitate the exchanges individual well-being implies dependence exchange resources and
goods to take a dvantage of the
gains benefit all trading partners
126
127
EV. Read and translate the text:
An economy exists because there are gains from exchange and from specialization that link individuals together in extraordinarily important ways. There are two kinds of gains.
First, if individuals are free to exchange goods and resources, they can give up those things they value relatively less in exchange for those things that they value relatively more. Exchanges or trades of this sort increase individual well-being.
Second, if individuals can freely exchange resources and goods, they can specialize in particular production activities. Generally, specialization leads to an increase in trie production of goods and services even if the resources that an economy has do not change. As a consequence, specialization will also increase individual well-being.
These two ideas, exchange and specialization, are the topics of this chapter. If is simply not possible to understand how possibly a market economy works without a clear understanding of why it is that individuals sometimes interact in apparently cooperative ways with other individuals even though there is no explicit intention to cooperate. But simply, exchange and specialization are the bases of economic activity for any society, although there may be a number of different ways that societies can choose to organize so as to facilitate exchange and specialization.
Individuals are better-off when they have opportunities to trade. While well-being is not always measurable, some of the gains from exchange can be measured; they are not merely subjective. This is important because it provides an incentive for individuals to facilitate the exchanges among other individuals. The more different individual tastes and preferences are, the greater will be the potential gains from exchange between the individuals.
Just because someone's well-being is enhanced by exchange does not imply that another person's well-being is undermined.
Exchange induces individuals to specialize so as to minimize the costs of producing goods.
So long as individuals are different from one another, each will have a comparative advantage relative to some other person in at least one activity.
The gains from exchange and specializaton need not be equally divided among those who trade and specialize. Indeed, as relative prices change, the division of the gains will also change. Higher relative prices for the goods you are specialized in producing will increase your share of the gains, while lower relative prices for the same goods will decrease your share.
128
Specialization implies dependence on others for the goods that one might have produced but for which one trades. In this important sense, specialization and exchange link individuals together creating an economy (pp. 2A—37).