IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:

to solve the problem of economic growth

to cause harmful externalities to take measures

to limit the effects of harmful externalities acid rain

to make efforts to protect the environment to damage crops

to release pollutants into the air to control pollution

X. Ask questions as in the model:

Model : Ask your friend if chemical fertilizers have been

used by farmers.

Have chemical fertilizers been used by farmers?

Ask your friend: 1) if water has been polluted in this region; 2) if massive amounts of wastes have been produced by modern technology;

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3) if building surfaces have been worn by acid rain; 4) if those who fail to obey government regulations have been fined; 5) if effluent fees have been levied on polluters for discharging waste.

XI. Ask when and w/rere-questions using the Passive Voice:

Model: Massive amounts of wastes have been produced by this plant this year.

When have massive amounts of wastes been pro­duced by this plant? 1. Acid has been formed in clouds and followed by acid rainfall. 2. The acid rain has been blown by winds far from the source of pollution. 3. Chemical fertilizers have been used by farmers very intensively in this part of the country. A. People who failed to obey government regulations have been fined this year. 5. The factory that pumped its waste into the atmosphere has been charged by the group of experts this week.

XII. Translate into English, using the Present Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):

1. BeriHKy KinbKicTb BiflxofliB 6yno npoflyKOBaHO Ta 3He-LuKOAweHO u,hm niflnpMEMCTBOM. 2. BoahJ Ta 3eMent>Hi pe-cypcw 6yrw 3a6pyAneHi BwacniAOK khcjiothmx floiu,iB. 3. flone-AaBMa BOAa b ujfi piHuj BBawanacsi 3a6pyAHenoK>, ocKinbKM Tf He MO>KHa 6yno BHKopMCTOByBam Ann cpepMepcTBa, bhpo6hm-HTBa Ta 3 Ihujoio rocnoAapcbKoto MeToio. 4. BnKopncTaHHSi necTMU,MAiB i xiMJHHwx Ao6pns y BeriMKin KinbKocri 6yno 3a6o-poHeHO ypiiAOM KpaTnvi. 5. Ha niAnpneMCTBa Ta (fcepMepis, swi rpMBariMM nac 3a6pyAHK>Bann HaBKonniuHe cepeAOBMU^e, 6yno naKJiafleno WTpacp.

XIII. Communicative situations:

I. Protecting the environment is important. ,. a) identify and describe potential sources of pollution in your community; b) describe what is being done to protect the community from the efforts of pollution. 7. Industrialized countries produce many dangerous substances (toxic wastes) while manufacturing the goods consumers need and want.

a) Is it government's responsibility to control toxic waste disposal? Why or why not?

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2. What basic strategies have governments used to regulate industrial pollution?

3. What are «pollution credits»?

How can they be used to reduce pollution?

Lesson 14

THE ECONOMY

I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:

economy — rocnoAapcrao

e.g. Economy refers to the sum of all our individual production and consumption activities.

factors of production — hmhhmkm Bnpo6HMujBa

e.g. In order to produce anything we need resources, or factors of production.

opportunity costs — oniMManbHi but pa™

e.g. Opportunity costs exist in all situations where available resources are not abundant enough to satisfy all desires.

economics — eKOHOMka

e.g. Economics is often defined as the study of how to allocate scarce resources.

production possibilities — Bwpo6HMHi MOwnMBocri

e.g. Production possibilities are the alternative combinations of final goods and services that could be produced in a given time period with all available resources and technology.

law of increasing opportunity costs — 3a«oH 3pocTawHJi onTMManbNMX BMTpaT

e.g. According to the law of increasing opportunity costs we must give up everincreasing quantities of other good and services in order to get more of a particular good.

economic growth — eKOHOMinHe 3pocTanHn

e.g. Economic growth is an increase in output, an expansion of production possibilities.

market mechanism — pmhkobmm Mexam3M

e.g. Market mechanism is the use of market prices and sales to signal desired outputs.