Раздел 3. Расчет прочих составляющих геостока

3.1. Расчёт характеристик ледового покрова и явлений. Классификация русловых процессов, расчет стока взвешенных и влекомых наносов, расчет русловых деформаций, задачи гидрохимических расчетов:

Характеристики ледовых явлений и методы их определения при наличии и отсутствии данных наблюдений. Условия формирования ледовых заторов и зажоров. Классификация русловых процессов Государственного гидрологического института. Критерии устойчивости русел и выделения типа преобладающего руслового процесса. Методы определения стока взвешенных и влекомых наносов. Классификации природных вод по физико-химическим и гидрохимическим показателям (классификации по минерализации, преобладающим главным ионам, рН). Понятие о гидрохимическом фоне и методика его определения. Методы оценки гидрохимического стока.

Перечень практических работ по разделу:

3.1. Расчёт толщины ледового покрова и подпорного уровня при ледовых заторах при отсутствии данных наблюдений.

3.2. Расчет отметки предельного размыва русла при отсутствии данных наблюдений.

3.3. Расчет расхода влекомых наносов при отсутствии данных наблюдений (метод Г.И. Шамова).

3.4. Расчет расхода взвешенных наносов при отсутствии данных наблюдений (метод А.В. Великанова).

6. Организация и учебно-методическое обеспечение самостоятельной работы студентов

6.1. Виды и формы самостоятельной работы

Самостоятельная работа студентов включает текущую и творческую проблемно-ориентированную самостоятельную работу (ТСР).

Текущая СРС направлена на углубление и закрепление знаний студента, развитие практических умений и включает:

• работу с лекционным материалов, поиск и обзор литературы и электронных источников информации по заданной проблеме с результирующим составлением реферата;

• выполнение домашних заданий по пройденным и предстоящим темам лекционных занятий с результирующим выполнением письменных самостоятельных работ;

• подготовку к практическим занятиям;

• подготовку к экзамену.

Творческая самостоятельная работа включает:

• Поиск, анализ, структурирование нормативно-правовой базы гидрологических расчётов, использование полученных результатов при выполнении практических работ.

• Выполнение расчётов основных гидрологических характеристик и критический анализ используемых расчётных методов с их оценкой при выполнении практических работ.

Анализ научных публикаций по темам лекционных занятий с изложением результатов анализа при выполнении самостоятельных и практических работ.

6.3. Контроль самостоятельной работы

Оценка результатов самостоятельной работы организуется следующим образом:

• Рефераты и самостоятельные работы.

• Контрольные работы и/или опросы на лекционных занятиях.

Опрос при сдаче практических работ.

7. Средства текущей и промежуточной оценки качества освоения дисциплины

Оценка качества освоения дисциплины производится по результатам следующих контролирующих мероприятий:

Контролирующие мероприятия	Результаты обучения по дисциплине
Выполнение и защита практических работ; выполнение рефератов/самостоятельных работ; выполнение контрольных работ; экзамен	РД1
Выполнение и защита практических работ; выполнение рефератов/самостоятельных работ; выполнение контрольных работ; экзамен	РД2
Выполнение и защита практических работ; экзамен	РД4
Выполнение и защита практических работ; экзамен	РД5
Выполнение и защита практических работ; выполнение рефератов/самостоятельных работ; экзамен	РД10

Для оценки качества освоения дисциплины при проведении контролирующих мероприятий предусмотрены следующие средства (фонд оценочных средств):

Вопросы входного контроля:

1. Water cycle.

2. The equation of long-term annual average water balance for a river basin.

3. Runoff characteristics and its units of measurement.

4. Predictive and stochastic processes.

5. Techniques of mathematical description for random variables behavior.

Контрольные вопросы, задаваемые при проведении практических работ:

1. Concept of flow rate.

2. Conditions of runoffs and their relationships, units of their measurement.

3. Morphometric conditions of water bodies and their catchments. Units of measurement.

4. Formulas for determination of average arithmetic, average geometric.

5. Formulas for determination of dispersion, average quadratic deviation, variation coefficient.

6. Formulas for determination of asymmetry coefficient.

7. Formulas for determination of correlation coefficient.

8. Laws of probability distribution used in hydrology.

9. Determine the water discharge of supply about 20% for a number of water discharge values (in m³/s): 120; 103; 123; 110; 98; 95; 108; 112; 92; 89; 117; 94; 101; 125 (nthe average arithmetic, average quadratic deviation, variation coefficient, asymmetry coefficient using MS Excel.

10. Regulatory documents used in hydrologic calculations as a part of engineering survey.

Вопросы для самоконтроля:

1. Definition of «hydrology». Parts of hydrology.

2. Definition of «geo-runoff», «runoff».

3. Definition of «landscape». Classification of landscapes.

4. Definition of basic hydrologic conditions according to [СП 33-101-2003]. Units of their measurement.

5. Main results of hydrologic calculations as a part of engineering building survey.

6. Main calculation stages of basic hydrologic conditions in presence of observation data.

7. Main calculation stages of basic hydrologic conditions at insufficient observation data.

8. Main calculation stages of basic hydrologic conditions in absence of observation data.

Вопросы тестирования:

1. Hydrological calculations are: а) a part of engineering hydrology dealing with development of methods for calculation of values for different conditions of hydrologic regime; b) a part of engineering hydrology dealing with calculation of vales for different conditions of hydrologic regime; c) a part of engineering-hydro-meteorological survey dealing with calculation of values for different conditions of hydrologic regime.

2. Calculation probability is : а) probability of hydrologic factor value to exceed a set of its all probable values; b) availability of hydrologic condition considered in building design to establish the parameter values of hydrologic regime determining the design solution; c) probability of exceeding the specified water discharge.

3. Runoff volume is: а) amount of water flowing through a given cross section of water flow per a year; b) amount of water flowing через through a given cross section of water flow within a definite period of time; c) amount of water flowing through a given cross section of water flow per a second.

4. Water supply year is: а) calculated year period beginning from April; b) a year period including water accumulation and discharge period in a given river basin; c) calculated year period beginning from the highest water season;

5. Discharge record is: а) a graph of time change in water discharge per a year or a part of year (season, high water or flood) in a given cross section of water flow; b) a graph of time change in water levels per a year or a part of year (season, high water or flood) in a given cross section of water flow; c) a graph of time change in water discharge and level per a year.

6. Backwater (damming) is: а) an increased water level; b) increased water level due to ice clogging and jams; в) an increase in water level due to obstacles for its flowing.

7. To smooth and extrapolate an empirical distribution curve of year exceeding probabilities of calculated water discharge and level when performing engineering building survey it is recommended to apply in the Russian Federation: а) the Kritskiy-Menkel three-parameter distribution, the Pearson distribution of the third type and other distributions; b) only Kritskiy-Menkel three-parameter distribution, the Pearson distribution of the third type; c) the Gauss distribution and the Pearson distribution of the 3-d type.

8. Probability distribution parameters of hydrologic conditions at the final design stage are determined by the methods: а) the least likelihood, moments, graphical analytic; b) only the least likelihood and moments; c) calculation method is not specified.

9. Durability of observation period is considered to be sufficient if: а) a given period is representative, but relative average quadratic error of calculated value for a studied hydrologic condition does not exceed 10% for year or seasonal runoffs and 20% - for maximum and minimum runoffs; b) a given period includes more than 6-10 elements, but relative average quadratic error of a studied hydrologic condition does not exceed 10% for year and seasonal runoff s and 20% - for maximum and minimum runoffs; c) a given period includes more than 25 elements, but relative average quadratic error of calculated value of a studied hydrologic condition does not exceed 10% for year and seasonal runoffs and 20% - for maximum and minimum runoffs.

10. Choosing a river analogue one needs to take into consideration: а) only geographical proximity of water catchment; b) only one type of river analogue runoff and studied river; c) homogeneity of runoff formation conditions, similarity of climate conditions, uniformity of soil and hydrologic conditions, similar degree of lake surface, forestry area, boggy area, and catchment ploughness as well as other factors.

11. In the absence of hydrometric observations in a calculated cross section the distribution parameters and calculated value are determined: а) during field work as a part of engineering survey; b) by means of the following basic methods: water balance; hydrologic analogy; averaging in a homogeneous site; isoline mapping; plotting regional dependencies of runoff conditions on the basic physical-geographic conditions of catchment; plotting regional dependencies of yearly runoff conditions on runoff formation factors; c) only by means of the following basic methods: water balance; hydrologic analogy; isoline mapping; plotting regional dependencies of runoff conditions on the basic physical-geographic catchment conditions.

Вопросы, выносимые на экзамен:

1. Definition of «гhydrology». Parts of hydrology.

2. Definition of «water body». Types and kinds of water bodies.

3. Definitions of «geo-runoff», «runoff». Characteristics of runoff and units of measurements.

4. Definitions of «hydrologic regime», «water regime».

5. Types of water flows and criteria of their distinguishing. Examples of water flows of different types.

6. Types of water bodies and criteria of their distinguishing. Examples of water bodies of different types.

7. Definition of «water regime phase». The main phases of water regime. Hydrologic and water supply year.

8. The main objectives of hydrological calculations as a part of engineering building survey.

9. Classification of water bodies in terms of water regime and water supply (classifications of М.I. L’vovich, B.D. Zaikov, P.S. Kuzin).

10. Definitions of «geosystem», «ecosystem», «landscape». Interconnections of landscape classifications and those of water bodies in terms of water regime and water supply.

11. Essence and main stages of the geographic-hydrological method.

12. Basic regulatory documents used in hydrological calculations as a part of engineering building survey.

13. Sources of information for hydrological calculations as a part of engineering building survey. Quality requirements for information.

14. Objectives and stages of hydrological statistic analysis at hydrological calculations as a part of engineering building survey. Criteria for checking homogeneity, randomness, relationship of theoretical and empirical probability distribution curves.

15. Determine water discharge of supply about 20% for a number of water discharge values (in m³/s): 120; 103; 123; 110; 98; 95; 108; 112; 92; 89; 117; 94; 101; 125. Calculate the average arithmetic, average quadratic deviation, variation coefficient, asymmetry coefficient using MS Excel.

16. Methods of hydrological calculations and their selection conditions.

17. Method of choosing river-analogue for determination of hydrological characteristics of unstudied river.

18. Method of aqueous runoff rate determination, maximum and minimum runoff at observation data availability.

19. Method of aqueous runoff rate determination, maximum and minimum runoff at insufficient observation data.

20. Method of aqueous runoff rate determination in the absence of observation data.

21. Method of maximum spring high water runoff determination in the absence of observation data.

22. Method of maximum runoff determination of rainfall flood in the absence of observation data.

23. Method of minimum runoff determination of winter and summer-autumn low water in the absence of observation data.

24. Method of water level determination in presence and absence of observation data.

25. Influence of bogginess, lake formation, and forest cover on the maximum runoff and method of its assessment.

26. Influence of water catchment bogginess, lake formation, and forest cover on the minimum runoff and method of its assessment.

27. Methods of annual runoff distribution determination. Evaluation on annual distribution using the method of average distributions.

28. Method of plotting discharge records of spring high water.

29. Method of bank line position determination of rivers and lakes.

30. Methods of bog water level calculation.

31. Conditions of ice clogging and dam formation.

32. Determination of «bed», «floodplain», «valley», «river bed evolution», «type of river bed evolution».

33. Classification of river bed evolution by the State Hydrological Institute.

34. Criteria of channel stability. Criteria for choosing the type of river bed evolution.

35. Concept of suspended and bed loads runoffs. Interdependence of river bed evolution and solid matter flow.

36. Challenges in solid flow determination. Methods of calculation of suspended and bed loads runoffs in the absence of observation data.

37. Method of river bed deformation evaluation at observation data availability. Composition of river bed evolution observations.

38. Способы оценки русловых деформаций in the absence of observation data.

39. Mineralization classification of natural waters.

40. Classification of природных вод по преобладающим ионам.

41. pH classification of natural waters.

42. Methods of background matter concentration determination in river water and revealing background deviations.

43. Basic equation for determination of permissible matter concentration in sewage discharge flowing into water stream. Elements of equation, units of their measurements and methods of determination.