- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
It’s important to take into consideration the lexico-grammatical meaning of the article which is usually realized in certain grammatical structures, such as comparative ones.
E.g. The more he spoke about all that, the less I understood him. – Чим більше він говорив про все це, тим менше я розумів його.
When the indefinite article is used with a predicative noun, it can be translated as an adjective ‘справжній, солідний, значний’.
E.g. It was a fortune for him. – Для нього це було справжнє багатство.
If the indefinite article is used with a noun in the negative sentence, it can often be translated as a negative pronoun ‘жоден’.
E.g. He didn’t say a word. – Він не сказав жодного слова.
If the definite article precedes the personal name in the plural, it’s usually translated ‘родина, сім’я’.
E.g. I often visited the Smiths. – Я часто відвідував родину Смітів.
If the definite article precedes names of mountain ranges, groups of islands, deserts etc., we use in Ukrainian translation the words ‘гори, острови, пустеля’.
E.g. The Alps are a wonderful place for skiing. – Гори Альпи – чудове місце для катання на лижах.
4. Realization of contextual meaning of the indefinite article. The indefinite article can be rendered by:
the cardinal numeral ОДИН (ОДНА, ОДНЕ)
He said something about a boat getting ready to go off.
Він щось сказав про один човен, який готується відпливати
the indefinite pronoun ЯКИЙСЬ (ЯКАСЬ, ЯКЕСЬ)
He hesitated only for a moment.
He saw her come down with Arthur and a strange young man.
Sometimes she noted an unusual brightness in his eyes.
Він вагався тільки якусь мить.
Він бачив, як вона прийшла у супроводі Артура і якогось незнайомого молодого чоловіка.
Часом вона помічала якийсь особливий блиск в його очах.
the demonstrative pronoun ЦЕЙ (ЦЯ,ЦЕ) when the article precedes the noun under logical stress
This was his programme for a week.
Here was a man who could do anything.
Це була його програма на цей тиждень
Ця людина здатна на все.
a possessive pronoun (МІЙ, ТВІЙ, ЙОГО ТА ІН.)
When Ruth returned she drew a chair near his.
Коли Рут повернулась, вона присунула свого стільця до його.
the negative pronoun ЖОДЕН
You were not following a word.
Ви не чули жодного слова.
the relative adjective СПРАВЖНІЙ
This small sum seemed a fortune. |
Ця маленька сума здалася справжнім скарбом. |
7.the relative adjective ЦІЛИЙ
Martin rented a typewriter and spent a day mastering the machine. |
Мартін узяв напрокат друкарську машинку і цілий день вчився друкувати на ній. |