- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
4. Kinds of Translation
Depending on the form of conveying the content the following kinds of translation are distinguished:
the written from a written matter translating;
the oral from an oral matter interpreting;
the oral from a written matter interpreting (at sight).
Translation can also be descriptive and antonymic.
Descriptive translation is conveying the sense of language units with their structural transformations in order to explain their meaning. It is often used in translating the notions of specific national lexicon.
E.g. custard – заварний крем з фруктами
verbal – неособова форма дієслова
It is also rather often used in translating idioms.
E.g. as mad as a hatter – зовсім божевільний
all my eye and Betty Martin - нісенітниці
like twelve o’clock – вмить, прожогом.
Antonymic translation is a way of rendering positive in structure language units through negative in sense but identical in content language units or vice versa.
E.g. Keep the door open. Не зачиняйте двері.
I wish it were summer now. Шкода, що зараз не літо.
I don’t think it will hurt you. Думаю, це вам не зашкодить.
Self-assessment test
1. Extralinguistic situation implies
a) linguistic peculiarities of speech
b) stylistic characteristics
c) conditions under which communication takes place
2. Hierarchy of methods of translation is crowned with
a) literary translation
b) literal translation
c) word-for-word translation
3.Literal translation is used at
a) speech level
b) word level
c) language level
4. Verbal translation doesn't render
a) lexical meaning
b) orthographic from
c) additional meaning
5. Literal translation always demonstrates coincidence of
a) form and meaning
b) form and connotation
c) denotation and connotation
6. Interlinear translation is achieved through
a) sound form
b) orthographic form
c) transformations
7. Descriptive translation is often used in rendering
a) barbarisms
b) internationalisms
c) nationally biased units
8. In antonymic translation form and structure are
a) the same
b) different
c) partially coincide
9. Consecutive translation takes place
a) at the same time with a source utterance
b) after the source utterance
c) before the source utterance
10. Descriptive translation is conveying
a) the sense of language units
b) the form of language units
c) the structure of language units
Lecture 2
Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
Problems for discussion:
The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
The Present Perfect and Perfect Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
Background for discussion:
The use of the Present Simple tense
The use of the Present Perfect tense
The use of the Present Perfect Continuous tense
The formation and use of the Passive voice