- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
Type of the sentence |
Type of the clause |
Peculiarities of Translation |
English Examples |
Ukrainian Examples |
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1.The Present Subjunctive a) Simple sentences expressing wish, oaths, imprecations |
|
the particle хай / нехай; Ukrainian equivalents |
Long live the Queen! Manners be hanged! Be it so! |
Хай живе королева! До біса манери! Хай / нехай буде так! |
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b) Complex sentences |
adverbial clauses of concession, time, place |
though, although, however, whatever, whenever, wherever, ets. хоч /хоча, який би, що б, хто б, коли б, де б, etc. |
Whatever you say, I won’t follow your advice. Whenever she come, wake me up.
Wherever he be, I’ll find him. |
Що б ти не говорив, я не слухатиму твоїх порад. Коли б вона не прийшла, збудіть мене. Де б він не був, я знайду його. |
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adverbial clauses of purpose |
that, so that, in order that щоб, для того щоб |
Open the door, so that she come in. |
Відчини двері, щоб вона зайшла. |
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subject clauses |
after the principal clause of the type IT’S NECESSARY, IMPORTANT, ORDERED Необхідно..., Важливо..., Наказано... |
It is necessary that you come in time. |
Необхідно, щоб ви прийшли вчасно. |
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object clauses |
after the predicate of the principal clause expressed by the verbs TO ORDER, TO SUGGEST, TO DEMAND, etc. Наказувати, пропонувати, вимагати |
Mother insisted that the child go to bed. |
Мати наполягла, щоб дитина йшла спати. |
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predicative clauses |
after the principal clause where predicate is expressed by abstract nouns (idea ,suggestion, plan, etc.) + link verb(to be) Ідея полягає в тому, щоб... Я пропоную..., etc. |
My suggestion is that we leave at once. |
Пропоную одразу ж піти. |
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2.The Past Subjunctive a) Simple sentences expressing unreal wish |
|
if only якби тільки / лише |
If only he were here. If only he had told me the truth then. |
Якби тільки він був тут. Якби тільки він тоді сказав мені правду. |
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b) Complex sentences |
adverbial clauses of unreal condition |
якби +verb in the past |
If he were here now, he would help us.
If he had been there then, he would have helped us. |
Якби він був тут, то допоміг би нам. Якби він був тоді там, то він би допоміг нам. |
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object clauses |
after the predicate expressed by the verb TO WISH жаль, шкода, мені б хотілося, хотів би я, ets. |
I wish I knew where he is. I wish I knew how to help you. I wish I loved you, but I don’t. |
Шкода, що я не знаю де він. Хотів би я знати, як допомогти тобі. Мені б хотілося любити тебе, але не люблю. |
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predicative clauses adverbial clauses of comparison and manner |
link verbs or verbs other than link + AS IF, AS THOUGH наче, ніби / нібито |
I feel as if I were young again.
She speaks about him as if she had know him for years. |
Я почуваюся, наче знову молодий. (У мене таке відчуття, ніби/ наче ) Вона говорить про нього так, ніби знає його багато років. |
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attributive clauses |
after the principal clause of the type IT’S (HIGH) TIME давно вже час..., давно вже повинні..., пора б уже..., etc. |
It’s high time he were here. She was beginning to think it was time that people left. |
Давно вже час, щоб він був тут. Вона починала думати, що пора б уже людям і розходитися. |
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3.The Analytical Subjunctive a) Simple sentences expressing unreal actions |
|
verb in the past + -би / б |
It’s a pity I have no time. We would play chess. Yesterday I would have said the same. |
Шкода, що я не маю часу. Ми зіграли б в шахи. Вчора я сказав би те саме. |
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b) Compound sentences
c) Complex sentences |
co-ordinate clauses |
otherwise, or, because інакше(б), тому що |
He didn’t have time; otherwise he would have come. |
В нього не було часу, інакше б він прийшов. |
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principal clause |
verb in the past + -би / б |
If I were you, I would go there. If you had left earlier, you would have caught the train. |
На вашому місці, я пішов би туди. Якби ви вийшли раніше, ви встигли б на поїзд. |
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adverbial clauses of concession, time, place |
though, although, however, whatever, whenever, wherever, etc. хоч /хоча, який би, що б, хто б, коли б, де б, etc. |
Whatever you may say, he is clever. Whenever she may come, wake me up. Wherever he might be, she swore to find him. |
Що б ти не говорив, він кмітливий. Коли б вона не прийшла, збудіть мене. Де б він не був, вона заприсяглася знайти його. |
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adverbial clauses of purpose |
that, so that, in order that, lest… щоб, для того щоб, щоб не... |
Open the door so that she may come in. She feared lest she would be blamed. |
Відчини двері, щоб вона зайшла. Вона боялася, щоб не бути звинуваченою / щоб її не звинуватили |
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subject clauses
|
after the principal clause of the type IT’S NECESSARY, IMPORTANT, ORDERED Необхідно..., Важливо..., Наказано... . |
It’s necessary that everybody should gather in the hall. |
Необхідно, щоб всі зібралися в холі. |
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object clauses
|
after the predicate of the principal clause expressed by the verbs TO ORDER, TO SUGGEST, TO DEMAND, etc. Наказувати, пропонувати, вимагати...
|
She insisted that they should leave at once. |
Вона наполягла, щоб вони одразу ж пішли. |
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|
predicative clauses
|
after the subject of the principal clause expressed by abstract nouns (idea, wish, proposal)+ link verb (to be) моя ідея (план) полягає в тому, щоб..., я пропоную..., etc. |
My idea is that we should visit her. |
Я пропоную відвідати її. / Давайте відвідаємо її. |
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attributive clauses |
after the principal clause of the type IT’S (HIGH) TIME давно вже час..., давно вже повинні..., пора б уже..., etc. |
It’s high time you should go to bed. |
Тобі вже давно час спати. |
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adverbial clauses of unreal condition with SHOULD |
Should + infinitive якщо раптом, на випадок, якби, у випадку якщо, etc. |
If you should see her, send her my best regards. |
Якщо раптом побачите її, передайте мої найщиріші побажання. |
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object clauses with WOULD
|
after the predicate of the principal clause expressed by the verbs TO WISH. |
He wished she would stop talking. |
Йому хотілося, щоб вона нарешті замовкла. |
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