- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
Forms of the Subjunctive mood can be used in different types of object clauses. It often occurs that both synthetic and analytical forms are used in the same type of clause. There’s no difference in their lexical meaning. The Analytical Subjunctive with SHOULD is used in object clauses after the predicate expressed by the verbs TO ORDER, TO INSIST, TO SUGGEST, TO DEMAND, TO REQUIRE, etc. The Present Subjunctive is also possible in this case. In translation into Ukrainian we usually use the conjunction ЩОБ followed by the verb in the past tense. Sometimes the Infinitive can be used in Ukrainian translation.
E.g. The teacher demanded that the students (should) hand in their papers. Вчитель вимагав, щоб учні здали свої роботи.
He ordered that the work (should) be finished by 5 o’clock. Він наказав закінчити роботу до п’ятої години.
The Analytical Subjunctive with SHOULD and the Present Subjunctive can also be used in object clauses introduced by the conjunction LEST which has a strong negative meaning. As a result, the form of the Subjunctive mood, used after it, can be only positive. In translation we usually use the conjunction ЩОБ, followed by the negative form of the notional verb in the past tense.
E.g. I fear lest they (should) know about our plans. Я боюсь, щоб вони не дізналися про наші плани.
Special care should be taken with object clauses after the predicate TO WISH. In such clauses we find the Past or Past Perfect Subjunctive. Sometimes the Analytical Subjunctive with WOULD can be used. The peculiarity of these clauses is that they are normally translated antonymically when the English positive sentence is rendered in Ukrainian by a negative sentence and vice versa. As a rule the sentence begins with the main clause of the type ЖАЛЬ, ШКОДА, ДАРЕМНО, etc. Direct translation is also possible but the antonymic way is more often used.
E.g. I wish you knew all the details. Жаль, що ви не знаєте всіх деталей.
He wished she hadn’t learned about it. Він пошкодував, що вона дізналась про це.
They wished so much the team would win the match. Їм так хотілося, щоб команда виграла цей матч.
4. Ways of translating clauses with should
SHOULD is a multifunctional verb. It can be used as a modal verb, a mood auxiliary, and a verb with emotional colouring. As a result its translation requires special care and knowledge of the meaning which is realized in each particular case.
If SHOULD is used as a mood auxiliary, its translation follows the general pattern of rendering the forms of the Subjunctive mood according to the type of the clause.
E.g. If I knew it, I should tell you everything. Якби я знав це, я усе розповів би тобі.
It’s necessary that they should keep all this in secret. Необхідно, щоб вони тримали все це в таємниці.
When SHOULD is used in an attributive clause after the phrase IT’S (HIGH) TIME, it’s usually rendered by the infinitive.
E.g. It’s time they should start working. Їм час розпочинати роботу.
In case the form with SHOULD is used in a conditional clause, it usually expresses a hardly probable action and is translated into Ukrainian using the phrases ЯКЩО РАПТОМ, ЯКЩО ВСЕ-ТАКИ followed by the verb in the future tense.
E.g. If you should see her, ask her to call me. Якщо раптом ти її зустрінеш, попроси її зателефонувати мені.
Another important thing about SHOULD is the difference in translating sentences with SHOULD used as a mood auxiliary and as a verb with emotional colouring.
If SHOULD is used as a mood auxiliary, we introduce the clause with ЩОБ followed by the verb in the past tense.
E.g. It’s important that he should come here every day. Важливо, щоб він приходив сюди щодня.
If SHOULD is used with emotional colouring, the clause is introduced by the conjunction ЩО followed by the verb in the present or past tense. The choice of the tense in Ukrainian translation depends on the form of the Infinitive. If the Indefinite infinitive is used in English, in Ukrainian we find the verb in the present tense. If the infinitive is Perfect, the past tense is used in translation.
E.g. It’s strange that he should come here every day. Дивно, що він приходить сюди щодня.
It’s strange that he should have come here every day. Дивно, що він приходив сюди щодня.
So, the choice of the appropriate way of translating forms of the Subjunctive mood depends on three factors:
the type of the clause;
the paradigmatic form of the infinitive which follows the mood auxiliary;
the context.