- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
5. Grammatical modality.
Grammatical means of expressing modality are different mood forms of the English verb. While translating English modals into Ukrainian we can use the forms of the Indicative, the Imperative, and the Subjunctive moods.
The Indicative mood in Ukrainian translation is often used while conveying the meaning of the modal verb CAN followed by verbs of sense perception or mental activity. In this case CAN is not translated at all.
E.g. He could feel that something was wrong with her. Він відчував, що з нею щось негаразд
She can speak English quite fluently. Вона вільно розмовляє англійською.
The Indicative mood is also used in rendering the meaning of the modal verb WILL (WOULD) expressing volition, intention and persistence.
E.g. I won’t answer your questions! (lack of volition) Я не відповідатиму на ваші запитання!
She would walk in the park for hours. (persistence) Вона годинами гуляла в парку.
Besides, the Indicative mood is used in translating sentences with SHALL which expresses warning, threat, and promise.
E.g. He shall regret having come here! (warning and threat) Він ще пошкодує, що приїхав сюди!
You shall have whatever you like. (promise) Ти матимеш усе, що захочеш.
The Imperative mood is often used in rendering the meaning of the modal verbs MUST, SHALL and the expression to BE to+Infinitive when they express all kinds of orders, urgent requests, and instructions. The modal verbs themselves are omitted in translation.
E.g. You must stay where you are! (a strict order) Залишайся на місці!
You shall go there right now! (compulsion) Піди туди негайно!
You must tell me the truth! (an urgent request) Скажи ж мені правду!
You are to take this mixture twice a day before meals. (instruction) Приймайте цю мікстуру двічі на день перед їжею.
The Subjunctive mood is usually used in translating sentences with the modal verb MIGHT which expresses reproach.
E.g. You might have helped your mother with cleaning! Ти міг би й допомогти мамі з прибиранням!
Self-assessment test
1. Modal verbs are used
a) independently
b) with the infinitive
c) with the gerund
2. Phonological modality implies
a) stress and intonation
b) structure and intonation
c) stress and structure
3. Lexical modality implies
a) modal verbs
b) modal words
c) mood auxiliary
4. Lexico-grammatical modality implies
a) modal words
b) modal verbs
c) modal expression
5. Grammatical modality implies
a) mood forms
b) voice forms
c) aspect forms
6. Phonological modality is used when
a) there are no direct equivalents
b) there are direct equivalents
c) there are approximate equivalents
7. Lexical modality is used when
a) there are no direct equivalents
b) there are direct equivalents
c) there are approximate equivalents
8. Lexico-grammatical modality is used when
a) there are no direct equivalents
b) there are direct equivalents
c) there are approximate equivalents
9. The modal verb CAN is not translated into Ukrainian when it is followed by verbs denoting
a) compulsion and declaring
b) wish and intention
c) sense perception and mental activity
10. Imperative Mood is used in rendering
a) promise
b) order
c) threat