- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
The Objective Participial Construction
The translation of this predicative construction with the participle is predetermined by the following factors:
the lexical meaning of the participle;
the lexical meaning of the verb preceding the construction;
the availability of the lexico-semantic means in Ukrainian to convey the content and structure of these constructions.
As a rule this construction is rendered in Ukrainian by an object clause introduced by the conjunctions ЯК, ЩО, КОЛИ. In case with Participle I used in the construction the process, not the fact is mostly emphasized. Special care should be taken with the verb TO FIND denoting sense perception which is translated into Ukrainian ПОБАЧИТИ, ЗАСТАТИ.
E.g. I heard them talking loudly in the next room. Я чув, як вони голосно розмовляють в сусідній кімнаті.
When I returned I found the fence broken and the house door opened. Повернувшись, я застав паркан проламаним, а хатні двері відчиненими.
When Participle II is used in this construction the translation generally follows the same pattern but in the object clause we mostly find the verbs in passive meaning. Sometimes дієприкметник is used in Ukrainian translation.
E.g. I want the task completed immediately. Я хочу, щоб завдання було завершено негайно.
He considered the problem solved. Він вважав проблему розв’язаною.
If the construction is used after the verb TO HAVE denoting compulsion we use in Ukrainian translation the indefinite-personal sentence.
E.g. He had a new suit made. Йому пошили новий костюм.
They had breakfast served. Їм подали сніданок.
In some cases the Objective Participial Construction is translated by a noun.
E.g. I heard someone weeping. Я почув чийсь плач.
Then he heard Pyle whispering. Потім він почув шепіт Пайла.
3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
This participial construction looks very much like the corresponding construction with the infinitive but it is used rather seldom. It is mostly found with the verbs denoting sense perception and the verbs of mental activity. With the verbs of sense perception we usually use Participle I which means that the noun or pronoun expressing the nominal part is the doer of the action. As a result the participle has an active meaning. On the contrary, with verbs denoting mental activity we usually find Participle II which shows that the noun or pronoun expressing the nominal part of the construction is not the doer but the object of the action. Consequently, the participle expresses a passive meaning.
As a rule, the Subjective participial construction is translated into Ukrainian by an object clause preceded by an indefinite-personal sentence. In Ukrainian translation we usually use the conjunctions як, що.
E.g. She was seen crossing the street early in the morning. Бачили, як вона переходила вулицю рано вранці.
This mission is considered completed. Це завдання вважається завершеним./Вважається, що це завдання завершене.